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Two experiments explored the role of verbal information in changing children's fear-related beliefs about social situations. In Experiment 1, 118 6- to 8- and 12- to 13-year-olds heard positive, negative, or no information about individuals' experiences of three social situations. Fear beliefs regarding each situation were assessed before and after this manipulation. Verbal information had no significant influence on children's fear beliefs. In Experiment 2, the same paradigm was used with 80 12- to 13-year-olds, but the information took the form of multiple attitude statements about the situations expressed by groups of peers, older children, or adults. An affective priming task of implicit attitudes was used to complement the explicit questions about fear beliefs. Negative information influenced both explicit and implicit fear beliefs. The source of information and the child's own social anxiety did not moderate these effects. Implications for our understanding of the socialisation of childhood fears are discussed. 相似文献
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Previous research has underestimated children's capacity to understand the self‐presentational behaviour of other people. We argue from recent research in mental‐state understanding that 8‐year‐olds should be able to attribute self‐presentational motives in order to explain others' behaviour. In the present study, children aged 6 to 11 years heard stories involving emotion‐masking displays and were then asked to explain the motivations for those displays. Results supported our prediction. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Ananya Tina Banerjee Patricia H. Strachan Michael H. Boyle Sonia S. Anand Mark Oremus 《Journal of religion and health》2014,53(6):1770-1785
A qualitative study was undertaken to explain findings of a cross-sectional study of Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) 4.1 data showing older persons who attend religious services more than once a week, compared to persons who do not attend at all, have lower prevalences of coronary heart disease (CHD), diabetes and high blood pressure. Twelve semi-structured interviews with ordained pastors and three focus groups with older parishioners from Canadian churches were conducted. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed for emergent themes through a process of direct content analysis. All participants claimed that religious service attendance (RSA): (1) enhances mental health; (2) provides social support and activities; and (3) promotes health and lifestyle behaviours that lower CHD risk. These three themes appear to be underlying mechanisms that help to explain the inverse association between RSA and the prevalence of adverse health outcomes found in the CCHS 4.1 data. 相似文献
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Vygotskian mode of intervention is a suitable technique for teaching. This study is an attempt to explore the role of Vygotskian mode of intervention in facilitating cognitive development of persons with intellectual impairment. Thirty individuals with mild intellectual impairment (IQ 50–69) from various organizations at Kolkata, India, participated in this study. An intervention program based on Vygotskian principles was run. Findings of the study showed that this method was able to accelerate cognitive functioning of the participants. It is suggested that scaffolding may be used as a rehabilitation method for the persons with intellectual impairment. 相似文献
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Yu Zhang Talukder Alam Bharat Gwalani Wei Rong Rajarshi Banerjee 《Philosophical Magazine Letters》2016,96(6):212-219
The addition of Ag to the age hardenable Mg–Gd–Zr alloy system dramatically enhances early stage age hardening kinetics. Using atom probe tomography (APT), Ag-rich clusters were detected in a Ag-containing Mg–Gd–Zr alloy immediately after solution treatment and water quenching. During subsequent isothermal ageing at 200 °C, a high density of basal precipitates was observed during the early stages of ageing. These basal precipitates were enriched with Ag and Gd, as confirmed by APT. It is posited that Ag-rich clusters in the context of quenched-in vacancies can attract Gd atoms, increasing diffusion kinetics to facilitate the formation of the Ag + Gd-rich basal precipitates. The rapid formation of Ag + Gd-rich precipitates was responsible for accelerated ageing. 相似文献
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Sander Begeer Robin Banerjee Carolien Rieffe Mark Meerum Terwogt Eva Potharst Hedy Stegge 《Cognition & emotion》2013,27(5):947-956
Two studies examined the understanding and self-reported use of rules for the expressive display of emotions in children with high functioning autism spectrum disorders (HFASD) and in typically developing children. In Study 1, children from the two groups reported display rules equally often when presented with hypothetical situations that provided clear motives for using display rules, although emotion-masking displays were more commonly identified for vignettes with prosocial rather than self-protective motives. In Study 2, children were interviewed about display rule use in real life. Children with HFASD reported display rules less often, included more prototypical examples, and referred less often to prosocial motives than typically developing children. Children with HFASD appear to be aware of display rules, but are less adept at identifying the interpersonal functions of such rules than their typically developing peers. 相似文献
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The theory of rough sets starts with the notion of an approximation space, which is a pair (U,R), U being the domain of discourse, and R an equivalence relation on U. R is taken to represent the knowledge base of an agent, and the induced partition reflects a granularity of U that is the result of a lack of complete information about the objects in U. The focus then is on approximations of concepts on the domain, in the context of the granularity. The present article studies
the theory in the situation where information is obtained from different sources. The notion of approximation space is extended
to define a multiple-source approximation system with distributed knowledge base, which is a tuple (U,RP)Pßf N(U,R_P)_{P\ss_f N}, where N is a set of sources and P ranges over all finite subsets of N. Each R
P
is an equivalence relation on U satisfying some additional conditions, representing the knowledge base of the group P of sources. Thus each finite group of sources and hence individual source perceives the same domain differently (depending
on what information the group/individual source has about the domain), and the same concept may then have approximations that
differ with the groups. In order to express the notions and properties related with rough set theory in this multiple-source
situation, a quantified modal logic LMSAS
D
is proposed. In LMSAS
D
, quantification ranges over modalities, making it different from modal predicate logic and modal logic with propositional
quantifiers. Some fragments of LMSAS
D
are discussed and it is shown that the modal system KTB is embedded in LMSAS
D
. The epistemic logic S5DnS5^D_n is also embedded in LMSAS
D
, and cannot replace the latter to serve our purpose. The relationship of LMSAS
D
with first and second-order logics is presented. Issues of expressibility, axiomatization and decidability are addressed. 相似文献