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671.
Recent research on nicotine self-administration has highlighted the need to accurately assess within-cigarette topography in order to estimate changes in puff profiles that occur in response to varying nicotine content. This paper describes equipment and techniques that may be used to record puff volume in the laboratory and discusses methods used by other researchers to study puff volume with an emphasis on methodological advantages of the present technique. 相似文献
672.
Forty bilinguals from several language backgrounds were contrasted to a group of English-speaking monolinguals on a verbal-manual interference paradigm. For the monolinguals, concurrent finger-tapping rate during speech output tasks was disrupted only for the right hand, indicating left-hemisphere language dominance. Bilingual laterality patterns were a function of language used: native (L1) versus second acquired (L2), and age of L2 acquisition. Early bilinguals (L1 + L2 acquisition prior to age 6) revealed left-hemisphere dominance for both languages, whereas late bilinguals (L2 acquired beyond age 6) revealed left-hemisphere dominance only for L1 and symmetrical hemispheric involvement for L2. 相似文献
673.
Terry Caelli 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1982,31(2):149-159
Recent developments in modeling image discrimination by feature analytic and frequency selective methods are discussed. Some issues relating to the design of two-dimensional spatial frequency filters are developed within the context of two experiments on texture discrimination using artificial and naturally occurring textures. Results of these experiments indicate that, given an adequately formulated relationship between spatial frequency and orientation tuning parameters of the filter, one can predict a variety of texture discriminations using only amplitude-specific models. Finally, guidelines are established for ascertaining when phase transmission characteristics do become critical in two-dimensional image processing by the human observer. 相似文献
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Several situational and individual aspects of interpersonal mood induction were investigated in an attempt to elucidate the mechanisms by which depressed mood is transmitted from one individual to another. Eighty-four psychology students interacted with confederates previously trained to enact one of three mood states — depressed, neutral, or elated. Participants were randomly assigned to same-sex confederates in one of two roles — helper or stranger, resulting in a 3×2×2 design. Mood and self-esteem were independent variables assessed prior to the interaction. Mood, perceptions, and reactions to the confederate were dependent variables assessed following the interaction. Results indicated induction of depression and anxiety in participants exposed to depressed confederates, and induction of hostility following interaction with elated confederates. Induction of depression and hostility were significantly attenuated in participants in the helper role as opposed to person perception role, while the concept of individual vulnerability to mood induction was not supported in this study. Rejection of depressed persons was only modestly associated with negative mood induction. Thus, role components of the situation affected mood induction more than did individual participant differences. The results and their implications for therapists and family members of depressed individuals are discussed within the framework of Lazarus's cognitive model of emotional arousal.The authors gratefully acknowledge the contributions and talents of Bill Dorfman, Mike Harrington, Ginger Johnson, Anita Navarra, and Debbie Illman. 相似文献
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Donald J. Willower Wayne K. Hoy Terry L. Eidell 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》1967,46(3):228-234
Role relations in the public school are viewed within the perspective of organization theory; the public school is like the prison and the public mental hospital in that neither client nor organization exercises choice concerning client participation in the organization. Based on previous studies of prisons and mental hospitals and on clues provided in a case study of a junior high school, it was predicted that counselors and principals would be less “custodial” in pupil control ideology than teachers. An instrument that measured pupil control ideology along a custodial-humanistic continuum was administered to 945 teachers, 181 principals, and 180 counselors. Results confirmed the predictions. Counselor adaptations to ideological conflict concerning pupil control in both the secondary and the elementary school are discussed. It was speculated that adaptations would function to reduce overt conflict and contribute to organizational equilibrium. 相似文献