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51.
Philip A. Allen Lee M. Stadtlander Karen E. Groth Jody L. Pickle David J. Madden 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2013,20(1):54-67
We examined age differences on a letter detection task that was performed on four-word sentences in order to examine how letter-level and word-level processing is integrated with sentence-level unitization. Sentence-level unitization is defined as the formation of a sentence-level code that delays access to letter-level or word-level codes. There was a consistent word-frequency disadvantage for both age groups in which it took longer to detect letters within high and medium high frequency words than in low frequency words. This finding suggested that word-level and letter-level input channels were involved in a parallel “horse race” to the central processor while simultaneously outputting codes to the sentence-level at the second tier of processing. The present data also revealed that both age groups showed a larger relative increase in reaction time for letter detection for the fourth word position compared to the third word position on syntactically “intact” sentences relative to syntactically “scrambled” sentences. These data indicated that both age groups formed sentence-level codes that made letter-level codes more difficult to access. Finally, older adults' data showed a larger cost than younger adults' data for scrambled sentences than for intact sentences. These results suggest that older adults are more reliant on a syntactical processor that facilitates the parafoveal preview during the reading of syntactically intact sentences. These data suggest that whereas there are age differences in the perceptual processing of letters and words, sentence unitization and syntactical processing remain intact with increasing adult age. 相似文献
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53.
Effects of differential rates of alternative reinforcement on resurgence of human behavior
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Brooke M. Smith Gregory S. Smith Timothy A. Shahan Gregory J. Madden Michael P. Twohig 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2017,107(1):191-202
Despite the success of exposure‐based psychotherapies in anxiety treatment, relapse remains problematic. Resurgence, the return of previously eliminated behavior following the elimination of an alternative source of reinforcement, is a promising model of operant relapse. Nonhuman resurgence research has shown that higher rates of alternative reinforcement result in faster, more comprehensive suppression of target behavior, but also in greater resurgence when alternative reinforcement is eliminated. This study investigated rich and lean rates of alternative reinforcement on response suppression and resurgence in typically developing humans. In Phase 1, three groups (Rich, n = 18; Lean, n = 18; Control, n = 10) acquired the target response. In Phase 2, target responding was extinguished and alternative reinforcement delivered on RI 1 s, RI 3 s, and extinction schedules, respectively. Resurgence was assessed during Phase 3 under extinction conditions for all groups. Target responding was suppressed most thoroughly in Rich and partially in Lean. Target responding resurged in the Rich and Lean groups, but not in the Control group. Between groups, resurgence was more pronounced in the Rich group than the Lean and Control groups. Clinical implications of these findings, including care on the part of clinicians when identifying alternative sources of reinforcement, are discussed. 相似文献
54.
Daniel L. Madden Martin V. Sale 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2019,26(4):486-506
Conceptual preparation mechanisms such as novel idea generation and selection from amongst competing alternatives are critical for language production and may contribute to age-related language deficits. This study investigated whether older adults show diminished idea generation and selection abilities, compared to younger adults. Twenty younger (18–35 years) and 20 older (60–80 years) adults completed two novel experimental tasks, an idea generation task and a selection task. Older participants were slower than younger participants overall on both tasks. Importantly, this difference was more pronounced for task conditions with greater demands on generation and selection. Older adults were also significantly reduced on a semantic, but not phonemic, word fluency task. Overall, the older group showed evidence of age-related decline specific to idea generation and selection ability. This has implications for the message formulation stage of propositional language decline in normal aging. 相似文献
55.
Objective: This paper describes a preliminary randomized control trial that explores the use of parent‐to‐parent consultations as a potential augmentation to the Maudsley model of family‐based treatment for anorexia. Method: Twenty families were randomized into two groups, ten receiving standard treatment and ten receiving an additional parent‐to‐parent consultation early on in treatment. Measures of parental efficacy (Parents versus Anorexia Scale), patient distress (Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale) and percentage ideal body weight were taken each week. The effects of parent‐to‐parent consultations on parental efficacy and weight were analysed by comparing data with random effects models. Results: A significant treatment effect was found, with parent‐to‐parent consultations leading to a small increase in the rate of weight restoration. Conclusion: This practice has the potential to enhance weight restoration when included in the Maudsley model of family‐based treatment for anorexia nervosa. Research that tests more potent forms of intervention may also have merit. 相似文献
56.
Pinkston JW Ratzlaff KL Madden GJ Fowler SC 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2008,90(2):249-255
The reproducibility of experimental outcomes depends on consistent control of independent variables. In food-maintained operant performance, it is of utmost importance that the quantity of food delivered is reliable. To that end, some commercial food pellet dispensers have add-on attachments to sense the delivery of pellets. Not all companies, however, offer such add-ons. Aside from availability, cost and temporary reduction in throughput may be a problem for smaller labs. The present paper outlines our recent development of a simple, inexpensive infrared device to detect and confirm the delivery of pellets. The in-line construction of the detector routes the falling pellet through a barrel so that it passes between an infrared emitter and receiver. The circuitry was designed to be compatible with all commercially available behavioral measurement systems, and so may be retrofit to any existing system. Our tests with the detector so far have shown that it is 100% accurate in detecting pellet delivery. The individual unit cost is approximately 25 dollars. The low cost and versatility of the device offer an easy method to ensure the integrity of food delivery in operant settings. 相似文献
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58.
The integrity of cerebral white matter is critical for efficient cognitive functioning, but little is known regarding the
role of white matter integrity in age-related differences in cognition. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) measures the directional
displacement of molecular water and as a result can characterize the properties of white matter that combine to restrict diffusivity
in a spatially coherent manner. This review considers DTI studies of aging and their implications for understanding adult
age differences in cognitive performance. Decline in white matter integrity contributes to a disconnection among distributed
neural systems, with a consistent effect on perceptual speed and executive functioning. The relation between white matter
integrity and cognition varies across brain regions, with some evidence suggesting that age-related effects exhibit an anterior–posterior
gradient. With continued improvements in spatial resolution and integration with functional brain imaging, DTI holds considerable
promise, both for theories of cognitive aging and for translational application. 相似文献
59.
Kathryn Madden M.A. 《Journal of religion and health》1994,33(2):131-147
For more than forty-five years as a Carmelite nun in the sixteenth century, Teresa of Avila suffered from great physical pain.
We see in her life how disciplined prayer can become a healing experience that moves from minimal psychic representation to
full symbolic representation. After a brief examination of Teresa's life, two theoretical perspectives on somatic manifestation
will be reviewed: the theory of conversion hysteria of the classical Freudian school, and the differentiation Joyce McDougall
draws between hysterical and psychosomatic phenomena. For the psychosomatic, as the mystic, the void of wordless space has
significance. Following after McDougall on the suffering body, a third perspective will be offered: the concept of conscious
body suffering as a means to inner change. 相似文献
60.
Three experiments on the role of verbal labels and perceptual cues in concept attainment are reported. Ss were kindergarten and second-grade upper-middle-class children. The results indicated that when Ss learned to associate two labels (or two perceptual cues) with each stimulus no positive transfer resulted, despite the fact that one of the labels (or cues) was relevant to solution. When one label only (or one perceptual cue) was associated with each stimulus, substantial positive transfer was observed. The effects of verbal labeling and perceptual cuing were identical.On the basis of these finding the authors reject the hypothesis that labels give rise to representational responses which act as mediators, and instead propose a new hypothesis, that labels and perceptual cues facilitate performance because they facilitate the division of the stimulus set into subsets which are correlated with the response systems the subjects are expected to learn. 相似文献