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301.
Fanny D’hondt Jacquelynne S. Eccles Mieke Van Houtte Peter A. J. Stevens 《Deviant behavior》2017,38(3):318-333
We focus on school misconduct and how ethnic teacher discrimination, ethnic identification, and host national identification are associated with school misconduct of male and female immigrant adolescents. Additionally, we verify the moderating role of ethnic identification and host national identification. The results show that discrimination and host national identification are related with the school deviance of immigrant adolescents. The relationship between discrimination and school deviance differs for male and female adolescents. Ethnic identification and host national identification only moderate the relationship of ethnic teacher discrimination and school delinquency for girls who experienced ethnic teacher discrimination on a frequent basis. 相似文献
302.
Francis L. Stevens 《Counselling psychology quarterly》2017,30(4):392-414
Attachment has been show to exhibit a strong effect on emotional well-being throughout an individual’s lifetime. This study examined individuals’ authenticity as a potential mediating variable in the relationship between insecure attachment and affective functioning. Authenticity was examined from multiple perspectives to better define its role as a mediating variable. Results showed that avoidant attachment is a predictor of affective functioning, and that authenticity acts as a mediating variable in this relationship. Anxious attachment showed no direct relationship with affective functioning, yet evidence was found for an indirect pathway from anxious attachment through authenticity on affective functioning. The differing results by attachment style support Mikulincer, Shaver, and Pereg’s theory suggesting a two-part model of emotional response style, wherein individuals with avoidant attachment deactivate emotion and individuals with anxious attachment show hyper-activation when coping with emotion. The study examines the construct of authenticity and its importance in affective functioning. Implications for therapists working with clients are made that highlight the importance of authentic relationships in therapy and life. 相似文献
303.
Background and objectives: Attention control deficits and repetitive negative thinking (RNT; i.e., rumination) may be key factors in the development and persistence of depression and anxiety, although their role in symptom development remains poorly understood. This represents a gap in the literature, as interventions targeting attention control and associated RNT may enhance interventions and prevent costly relapse. The current study was designed to examine the serial indirect effects of transdiagnostic RNT and negative affect recovery following a lab-induced stressor on the association between attention control deficits and trait anxiety and depression.Methods: Participants were N?=?583 university students who completed validated measures of RNT, anxiety, depression, and mood ratings pre- and post-stressor. Stress was induced using a modified version of the Trier Social Stress Test.Results: Results of cross-sectional indirect effects models indicated that RNT and mood recovery explained the association between attention control deficits and trait anxiety and depression. Results from reversed models indicated that only the indirect effect of RNT was significant.Conclusions: Findings suggest that RNT and mood recovery processes play an important role in explaining anxiety and depression symptoms. Additional work is needed to examine their role in symptom development and maintenance over time. 相似文献
304.
Previous research indicates that children from lower socioeconomic backgrounds show deficits in aspects of attention, including a reduced ability to filter irrelevant information and to suppress prepotent responses. However, less is known about the neural mechanisms of group differences in attention, which could reveal the stages of processing at which attention deficits arise. The present study examined this question using an event‐related brain potential (ERP) measure of selective auditory attention. Thirty‐two children aged from 3 to 8 years participated in the study. Children were cued to attend selectively to one of two simultaneously presented narrative stories. The stories differed in location (left/right speaker), narration voice (male/female), and content. ERPs were recorded to linguistic and non‐linguistic probe stimuli embedded in the attended and unattended stories. Children whose mothers had lower levels of educational attainment (no college experience) showed reduced effects of selective attention on neural processing relative to children whose mothers had higher levels of educational attainment (at least some college). These differences occurred by 100 milliseconds after probe onset. Furthermore, the differences were related specifically to a reduced ability to filter irrelevant information (i.e. to suppress the response to sounds in the unattended channel) among children whose mothers had lower levels of education. These data provide direct evidence for differences in the earliest stages of processing within neural systems mediating selective attention in children from different socioeconomic backgrounds. Results are discussed in the context of intervention programs aimed at improving attention and self‐regulation abilities in children at‐risk for school failure. 相似文献
305.
Stevens SE Sonuga-Barke EJ Kreppner JM Beckett C Castle J Colvert E Groothues C Hawkins A Rutter M 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2008,36(3):385-398
The current study examined the persistence and phenotypic presentation of inattention/overactivity (I/O) into early adolescence,
in a sample of institution reared (IR) children adopted from Romania before the age of 43 months. Total sample comprised 144
IR and 21 non-IR Romanian adoptees, and a comparison group of 52 within-UK adoptees, assessed at ages 6 and 11 years. I/O
was rated using Rutter Scales completed by parents and teachers. I/O continued to be strongly associated with institutional
deprivation, with continuities between ages 6 and 11 outcomes. There were higher rates of deprivation-related I/O in boys
than girls, and I/O was strongly associated with conduct problems, disinhibited attachment and executive function but not
IQ more generally, independently of gender. Deprivation-related I/O shares many common features with ADHD, despite its different
etiology and putative developmental mechanisms. I/O is a persistent domain of impairment following early institutional deprivation
of 6 months or more, suggesting there may be a possible pathway to impairment through some form of neuro-developmental programming
during critical periods of early development. 相似文献
306.
Colvert E Rutter M Kreppner J Beckett C Castle J Groothues C Hawkins A Stevens S Sonuga-Barke EJ 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2008,36(7):1057-1068
Theory of Mind (ToM) and Executive Function (EF) have been associated with autism and with attention-deficit hyperactivity
disorder (ADHD), and hence might play a role in similar syndromes found following profound early institutional deprivation.
In order to examine this possibility the current study included a group of 165 Romanian adoptees, of whom 144 were adopted
into the UK from deprived institutional settings before 43months of age, and a group of 52 within-UK adoptees, all adopted
before 6months of age. Both groups were assessed at 6 and 11years. The Strange Stories task was used to assess ToM and the
Stroop task was used to assess EF, both at age 11. The Romanian adoptees displayed deficits in both ToM and EF compared with
the within-UK adoptee group. The degree of deficit was greater for children who had experienced more than 6months of institutional
deprivation. Deficits in both domains (ToM and EF) were associated with each of the three apparently deprivation-specific
problems, namely quasi-autism, disinhibited attachment and inattention/overactivity. Statistical analyses indicated a mediating
role for both ToM and EF with respect to quasi-autism; possibly a partial mediating role for EF with respect to inattention/overactivity;
and probably no mediating role for either ToM or EF in the case of disinhibited attachment. In conclusion, there is evidence
for a possible mediating role for ToM and EF in the development of some apparently deprivation-specific difficulties in institution-reared
Romanian adoptees, but neither accounts for the overall pattern of deprivation-related difficulties. 相似文献
307.
308.
The capacity for non-linguistic, numerical discrimination has been well characterized in non-human animals, with recent studies
providing careful controls for non-numerical confounds such as continuous extent, density, and quantity. More poorly understood
are the conditions under which animals use numerical versus non-numerical quantification, and the nature of the relation between
these two systems. Here we test whether cotton-top tamarins and common marmosets can discriminate between two quantities on
the basis of the amount of food rather than on number. In three experiments, we show that when choosing between arrays containing
different numbers and sizes of food objects, both species based their decisions on the amount of food with only minor influences
of numerical information. Further, we find that subjects successfully discriminated between two quantities differing by a
2:3 or greater ratio, which is consistent with the ratio limits found for numerical discrimination with this species. These
studies demonstrate that non-human primates possess mechanisms that enable quantification of total amount, in addition to
the numerical representations demonstrated in previous studies, with both types of quantification subject to similar processing
limits. 相似文献
309.
Jeffrey R. Stevens 《决策行为杂志》2016,29(1):12-24
Standard models of intertemporal choice assume that individuals discount future payoffs by integrating reward amounts and time delays to generate a discounted value. Alternative models propose that, rather than integrate across them, individuals compare within attributes (amounts and delays) to determine if differences in one attribute outweigh differences in another attribute. For instance, the similarity model 1) compares the two reward amounts to determine whether they are similar, 2) compares the similarity of the two time delays, and then 3) makes a decision based on these similarity judgments. Here, I tested discounting models against attribute‐based models that use similarity judgments to make choices. I collected intertemporal choices and similarity judgments for the reward amounts and time delays from participants in three experiments. All experiments tested the ability of discounting and similarity models to predict intertemporal choices. Model generalization analyses showed that the best predicting models started with similarity judgments and then, if similarity failed to make a prediction, resorted to discounting models. Similarity judgments also matched intertemporal choice data demonstrating both the magnitude and sign effects, thereby accounting for behavioral data that contradict many discounting models. These results highlight the possibility that attribute‐based models such as the similarity models provide alternatives to discounting that may offer insights into the process of making intertemporal choices. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
310.
Wong A Rodríguez M Quevedo L Fernández de Cossío L Borges A Reyes A Corral R Blanco F Alvarez M 《Assessment》2012,19(3):383-387
There is a current debate about the ecological validity of executive function (EF) tests. Consistent with the verisimilitude approach, this research proposes the ballet executive scale (BES), a self-rating questionnaire that assimilates idiosyncratic executive behaviors of classical dance community. The BES was administrated to 149 adolescents, students of the Cuban Ballet School. Results present a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of .80 and a split-half Spearman-Brown coefficient r (SB) = .81. An exploratory factor analysis describes a bifactorial pattern of EF dimensions, with a self-regulation component, which explains more than 40% of variance, and a Developmental component, which accounts for more than 20% of variance. The questionnaire's total scores fit linear regression models with two external criteria of academic records, confirming concurrent validity. These findings support the hypothesis that the internalization of specific contextual cultural meanings has a mediating influence in the development of EF. 相似文献