习惯研究的现状与展望

习惯是一种由某特定线索引发并指向某特定目标(包括外显目标与内隐目标)的自动化反应。它具有过去有行为的重复、环境线索的稳定与自动化的反应等特征。关于习惯的测量方式主要采取自我报告法（如自我报告过去行为频率、自我报告习惯频率、自我报告习惯索引等）和反应频率测量法。对习惯的形成的理论解释主要有环境促进、态度促进、目标促进等几种观点。未来研究应继续深入探讨习惯的本质、整合形成机制的相关理论及开发更可靠方便的测量工具。     

7-11岁儿童心理状态信息理解与使用的发展特点及关系

采用失言任务和改进的说服任务考察了153名7-11岁儿童的心理理论理解和使用能力的发展状况。结果发现：儿童的失言理解能力和心理状态信息使用能力7-9岁时发展迅速,9岁后趋于稳定;两种能力的发展趋势基本一致,两者呈现中度相关;8-9岁是儿童失言理解和心理状态信息使用发展的转折点。结果表明：心理状态理解和使用的能力是儿童心理理论发展的重要组成部分,两者的发展基本同步。     

Reliability and Validity of a Brief Clinician-Report Scale for Screening Behavioral Inhibition

Given the implications of behavioral inhibition (BI) on social anxiety and depression, several cost-effective methods have been developed to detect this trait. However, there is no instrument for obtaining a systematic measurement of BI that uses the reports of mental health professionals. The present study aims to explore the psychometric properties of the Behavioral Inhibition Observation System (BIOS), a brief tool enabling clinicians to provide a quick measure of BI. Parents and teachers of 361 preschool children provided measures of BI and psychopathology. Clinicians completed the BIOS after an individual meeting with every child. Seventy-four randomly selected children were exposed to standardized observation. Two researchers completed the BIOS after standardized observation. The results show that the BIOS is structured in one dimension that explains 60 % of the total variance. It shows good internal consistency (Cronbach’s Alpha?=?.88) and good test-retest reliability. The BIOS scores moderately converge with observational measures of BI and adequately distinguish constructs not related to BI (such as aggressiveness, disruptive behavior, or peer conflict). The results support that the BIOS, an 8-item scale that takes 3 min to complete, is valid and reliable for capturing a clinician’s measure of BI. The BIOS may help to detect temperamental disposition to social anxiety.     

Does role stress predict burnout over time among health care professionals?

Abstract

The main objective of this study is to test the effects over time of three role stress variables (role conflict, role ambiguity and role overload) on the three burnout dimensions (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and personal accomplishment). Based on theoretical models on burnout and on meta-analytical research, it is hypothesized that the three role stress variables will predict changes over time in emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, but not in personal accomplishment. The results obtained by means of hierarchical regression analysis partially support the hypothesis. The three role stress variables predict emotional exhaustion over time. Role conflict and role overload predict depersonalization over time. Finally, contrary to expectations, role ambiguity predicts personal accomplishment over time.     

Influence of cryomilling on the microstructural features in HVOF-sprayed NiCrAlY bond coats for thermal barrier coatings: Creation of a homogeneous distribution of nanoscale dispersoids

Previous research has revealed that thermal barrier coatings with cryomilled bond coats exhibit improved thermal cycling lifetime by growing a continuous and uniform oxide layer at a slower rate; yet the mechanism controlling the ultimate failure remains unclear. In an effort to provide a foundation for understanding the improved behavior, the influence of cryomilling on the microstructure of the NiCrAlY bond coat material is investigated in this article. Rather than focusing on the alumina scale formation, the microstructural features and their evolution within the high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF)-sprayed NiCrAlY bond coats themselves, prepared from conventional powder and cryomilled powder, were carefully compared through extensive scanning electron microscope/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy characterization. In addition, the as-cryomilled NiCrAlY powder is characterized to provide evidence of the direct influence of cryomilling and to exclude the impact from the HVOF spraying. It is found that the essential change in microstructural features resulting from the cryomilling is the creation of a homogeneous distribution of ultrafine (nanoscale) Al-rich oxide/nitride dispersoids, which remain thermally stable even after exposure at 1100°C for 100 h. The TEM study on the as-cryomilled powder, prior to the HVOF spraying, indicates that some Al and Y-rich oxides are already present within the material as a direct result of the cryomilling process.     

Enhancement of hardening and thermal resistance of Mg–Sn-based alloys by addition of Cu and Al

Mg–Sn-based alloys are considered as a promising precipitation-hardening system for applications at elevated temperatures, but the hardening effect is not satisfactory owing to sluggish nucleation and rapid coarsening of the major Mg₂Sn lath precipitates. In this study, Cu and Al are added to a Mg–6Sn–1Mn base alloy. The age-hardening response and the microstructures of these modified alloys have been investigated and are compared to that of the base alloy. The additional elements are found to bring several beneficial effects to the alloys for applications at elevated temperatures. Firstly, a eutectic structure consisting of strong intermetallic phases, i.e. Mg₂Cu in the Mg–6Sn–1Mn–2Cu alloy and Al_0.93Cu_1.07Mg in the Mg–6Sn–1Mn–2Cu–2Al alloy, remains stable along the grain boundaries after solution and ageing heat treatments. Secondly, the precipitate density has been increased significantly and the precipitate size has been refined remarkably during ageing at 200?°C. Moreover, the growth of the precipitates is inhibited remarkably during the over-ageing period. Therefore, the age-hardening response and over-ageing resistance are notably improved.     

Effects of irradiation with electrons of different energies on the dark conductivity and the network of hydrogenated amorphous silicon films

The effects of irradiation with electrons having energies in the range 0.7–1.7 MeV on the dark conductivity and the network of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) thin films have been studied. The dark conductivity measurements show that electron irradiation leads to a degradation in the dark conductivity, with the degradation being greater at lower electron energies. The Raman results suggest that the irradiation induces structural defects in the a-Si:H films, with the lower energy electrons producing more disorder in the amorphous network.     

Electronegativity difference as a factor for evaluating the thermal stability of Al-rich metallic glasses

This article proposes a factor, the critical electronegativity difference Δx _cri, to correlate alloy composition with thermal stability and glass-forming ability of Al–Ni–RE (RE: Rare Earth element) ternary metallic glasses. The Al-rich metallic glasses with Δx > Δx _cri exhibit glassy behavior, whereas alloys with Δx < Δx _cri are nanocrystalline. Nanoglassy alloys occur when Δx ≈ Δx _cri. The best glass formers are located near Δx _cri. Furthermore, an equation has been deduced to calculate Δx _cri with varying RE covalent atomic radius.     

Efficient atomic packing clusters and glass formation in ternary Al-based metallic glasses

In this article, we propose an efficient atomic packing cluster-based composition protocol to help design Al-based metallic glasses. Its validity is verified by some typical experimental data from the literatures. Furthermore, with this understanding, the Al–Ni–Y alloy system is re-evaluated. As a result, the best glass former Al₈₆Ni₉Y₅ in this system, with the critical thickness of about 500 µm, is successfully fabricated by wedge casting.     

Solubility criterion for sequential disordering in metal-metal multilayers upon solid-state reaction

An n-body Ni-Ti potential is derived and applied in a molecular dynamics simulation to study the maximum supersaturated solubility of the terminal solid solutions and solid-state reaction in a Ni/Ti bilayer. It reveals that during interfacial reaction of the Ni/Ti bilayer the Ti lattice reaches its maximum solubility by dissolving Ni earlier than Ni does through dissolution of Ti, which results in a sequential disordering of first Ti and then Ni, although Ti has a higher melting point than Ni. In the Ni-Zr, Ni-Mo and Ni-Ta systems, however, the Ni lattice collapses more rapidly because it reaches a maximum solubility earlier than its partners, which have higher melting points than Ni. A solubility criterion is thus relevant for all the above cases; the lower the maximum solid solubility the less stable is the lattice of the metal upon solid-state reaction.