中国人眼光谱相对视亮度函数的研究

问 题 人眼对光谱各波长的灵敏度,是产生一种阈限反应或主观相等亮度所需要的辐射能量的倒数。它们原称光谱视亮度,现在我们称之为光谱相对视亮度。即使是等能光谱,各波长引起的相对视亮度也很不相同。具体测量时除绝对阈限法外,一般常用匹配法:使人眼将不同波长的光谱色光分别和一个固定强度的白色标准光作亮度匹配,达     

The Relationship Between Happiness and Consumption Expenditure: Evidence from Rural China

We use data from the 2016 China Labor-force Dynamics Survey (CLDS) to examine the relationship between happiness and consumption expenditure of rural farmers in China. A two-stage residual inclusion approach is applied to tackle the potential endogeneity issue of happiness. The empirical results show that a higher level of happiness is associated with an increase in consumption expenditure in general. Further analysis reveals that higher levels of happiness are positively and significantly associated with higher expenditures on basic living goods, education and gifts. We also find that both household income and access to the Internet boost happiness and increase consumption expenditure. Happiness plays a larger role in improving the consumption expenditure of rural households compared with their urban counterparts. Our findings may suggest that improving rural income via income diversification strategies and investing in rural information and communication technology infrastructures would encourage rural farmers’ happiness, promote the upgrading of rural consumption and boost sustainable economic growth.

     

Uncertainty and prejudice: The role of religiosity in shaping group attitudes

Past research indicates that being religious is frequently motivated by the need to avoid uncertainty and associated with prejudice against value‐violating groups. The present research clarifies these previous findings and shows for the first time a causal link between a sense of uncertainty and group attitudes through religiosity and the perception of the target group's mindset. Study 1 demonstrates that belief in God is associated with uncertainty avoidance and increases prejudice against value‐violating groups, but simultaneously increases positive attitudes towards value‐consistent groups. Study 2 demonstrates experimentally that a sense of uncertainty shapes intergroup attitudes when the relationship is mediated through the belief in God and the perception that a target group actually violated perceivers' values. The results corroborate and broaden previous findings on religiosity, ambiguity avoidance, and prejudice and, for the first time, show a causal link between a sense of uncertainty and attitudes towards value‐violating and value‐consistent groups.     

Let Us Investigate! Dynamic Conjecture-Making as the Formal Logic of Abduction

We present a dynamic approach to Peirce’s original construal of abductive logic as a logic of conjecture making, and provide a new decidable, contraction-free and cut-free proof system for the dynamic logic of abductive inferences with neighborhood semantics. Our formulation of the dynamic logic of abduction follows the philosophical and scientific track that led Peirce to his late, post-1903 characterization of abductive conclusions as investigands, namely invitations to investigate propositions conjectured at the level of pre-beliefs.     

Temporal performance in 4-8 year old children. The effect of chronometric information in task execution

The present study explores temporal performance in children between 4 and 11 years of age. In order to optimise the children's performance, verbal instructions and demonstrations were used to specify the temporal requirement of the task. Moreover, specific feedback was given, which indicated the success of a response, or, in case of a mistake, indicated the type of error made. The task was presented in two phases: training and experimental. In the first phase, the child practised until a learning criterion was reached. In the experimental phase, four conditions were defined according to the information provided to the children. In general, the results of the training phase showed an improvement in performance with advancing age. Significant differences were found in children between 7 and 8 years of age, which points to an important transition period. Results of the experimental phase showed a pronounced impact of instructions on the performance of the task and on the strategies used to control timing behaviour. Specifically, the instructions that contained chronometric information caused an impairment in task performance and a change in the strategy used.     

工作压力的要求-控制模型

工作要求和工作控制共同决定工作压力。大量的研究很好地支持了该模型,但对Karasek所假设的关于工作要求和工作控制之间的交互作用的验证结论也存在一些矛盾的方面。作者分析了工作要求-控制模型和其它工作压力模型之间的差异,对该模型以及正反两方面的研究证据作了详细地述评,并提出了今后相关研究的思路。     

情绪大脑机制研究的进展

文章综述情绪大脑机制研究的最新进展。情绪的脑机制——大脑回路,包括前额皮层、杏仁核、海马、前部扣带回、腹侧纹状体等。前额皮层中的不对称性与趋近和退缩系统有关,左前额皮层与趋近系统和积极感情有关,右前额皮层与消极感情和退缩有关。杏仁核易被消极的感情刺激所激活,尤其是恐惧。海马在情绪的背景调节中起着重要作用。前额皮层和杏仁核激活不对称性的个体差异是情绪个体差异的生理基础。情绪的中枢回路有可塑性。     

伊斯兰文明与中华文明的生态环境理念及其当代价值

人与自然和谐相处,"天人合一"是伊斯兰文明与中华文明处理人与自然关系的基本思路和基本原则.这与西方文明所强调的"人是万物的尺度"、"人是自然的立法者","征服自然,战胜自然"的理念,完全不同.伊斯兰文明与中华文明整体的宇宙生态观对于当代人类维护生态平衡,保护生态环境有着根本性的启示意义,有助于弥补西方文明所崇尚的科学主义之不足,从而实现科学主义与人文主义、工具理性与价值理性之有机结合.     

Vacuuming with my mouth?: Children's ability to comprehend novel extensions of familiar verbs

Can 6- and 8-year-olds (and adults) comprehend common instrument verbs when extended to novel situations? Participants heard eight unusual extensions of common verbs and were asked to paraphrase the verbs’ meanings. Half of the verbs used were specified instrument verbs that include the name of the instrument used to perform the action (e.g., a vacuum is used to vacuum); the other half were open instrument verbs (e.g., write) whose function can be performed with a range of objects. Results suggest that children's ability to interpret verb extensions increases with age, that open instrument verb extensions were more difficult to comprehend than specified instrument verb extensions and that performance on verb extension correlates with scores on a standardized test of language acquisition. Verb knowledge continues to develop well beyond the preschool years.     

汉语声调远距离规则的内隐学习及其迁移效应

内隐学习研究领域的一个重要问题是内隐学习获得的知识究竟是什么,即内隐学习获得的知识究竟是底层的抽象规则还是表面的特征.研究以汉语声调的远距离水平映射这一远距离规则为材料,通过对表面特征和底层规则之间的分离操作,在控制组块和重复结构等表面特征的条件下,探讨声调远距离规则的习得和迁移,结果发现被试能够内隐地习得和迁移汉语平仄声调的水平映射规则,证实了内隐学习确实能够获得底层的抽象规则,为内隐学习的抽象性问题提供了新的证据.