A slice of life: Ecologically valid methods for research on social relationships and health across the life span

This paper describes “slice of life” methods—detailed observations of moment‐to‐moment intraindividual processes that occur over short timescales in the natural environment—as an important research tool in exploring social relationships and health across the life span. Such methods, including ecological momentary assessment, experience sampling, daily diaries, measurement burst, and other slice of life designs, are important supplements to more traditional laboratory, epidemiological, and long‐term longitudinal research methods. Specifically, we highlight how slice of life methods (with a focus on ecological momentary assessment) allow researchers to compare the relative importance of different social relationships (or features thereof) for health outcomes, understand temporal dynamics, identify potentially causal mechanistic pathways at different timescales through which social relationships influence health, and design, implement, and evaluate innovative interventions that target these pathways at different timescales. We conclude with recommendations and future directions for slice of life methods for research on social relationships and health across the life span.     

6-9岁儿童工作记忆的发展研究

以Baddeley工作记忆模型为基础考察儿童语音环路、视觉空间模板、中央执行的发展及其与复杂广度的关系。225名6-9岁被试完成9个任务,分别测量听力广度及工作记忆三个子系统的功能。发现工作记忆各个子成分的功能在6-9岁期间发展速度不同;中央执行与语音环路和视觉空间模板的联系随年龄增长加强;结构方程模型分析发现中央执行和语音环路功能对儿童听力广度都有显著的直接影响,表明言语复杂广度任务既涉及中央执行功能也涉及语音环路的存贮功能。     

GKT原理的卡片测试范式实验研究

研究设计了三种包含不同说谎和认知成分的回答方式,以无意义字母串为刺激材料,以60名被试为对象检验GKT对犯罪嫌疑人的识别是基于认知还是说谎反应.研究结果表明:(1)仅包含认知成分的"重复"回答方式条件下,GKT能够区分关键信息和控制信息,表明认知成分存在于GKT测谎模式的运作机制中.(2)包含相同认知成分、不同说谎成分的回答方式条件下,GKT对知道关键信息的"犯罪"者的反应判定准确性不同:"不是…"回答方式下反应判定的准确性最高.重复回答方式下的判定准确性最低,由此证实说谎成分存在于GKT机制中.(3)仅包含认知成分的回答方式反应判定准确性最低,说谎成分的加入显著提高判定准确率.说谎成分与认知成分在GKT原理中的比重尚需进一步探索.     

积极心理健康的内涵解析

学术界一般把积极心理学视野下的心理健康称为积极心理健康,它是当代心理健康相关学科发展的一个潮流.积极心理健康认为消除或摆脱了各种心理问题的人并不一定就意味着心理健康,心理健康还意味着正向力量或积极品质的产生与增加,因此,心理健康相关学科在研究人的各种心理问题的同时,也应该花相同精力或时间去研究人的积极力量和积极品质.在研究思路上,积极心理健康也表现出了一个非常明显的新特点,强调心理健康研究要从以关注个体总的心理状态为主的研究思路转向于以关注个体内差异为主的研究思路.     

《管子》治国思想的渊源探析

《管子》的治国思想强调以人为本、注重人性,礼法并用、德刑并重,发展经济、农商并重,为历代君王将相和学者所尊崇和探究。文章立足于《管子》成书的时间和空间因素,从周公和姜太公两者的治国思想探讨了《管子》治国思想的渊源,以期从历史的角度更好地理解《管子》的治国思想。     

河湟地区伊斯兰教"海乙"制的历史变迁

在西北伊斯兰教的研究中,学术界往往注重门宦制度的研究,而忽略了对"海乙"制度的研究,就是涉及该问题的有关研究也存在主观的、片面的看法,缺乏客观性.本文在现有的资料的基础上,根据已有的学术成果和新发现的资料,结合多年来在河湟地区的观察、调查和感受,对河湟一代伊斯兰教中的"海乙"制的形成、发展、变迁、影响等方面作一个初步的探讨,以期引起学术界对此问题研究的关注.     

The development of academic competence among adolescents who bully and who are bullied

Using data from the first three waves (Grades 5, 6, and 7) of the 4-H Study of Positive Youth Development, this study assessed if being a bully or being a victim accounts for an adolescent's academic competence, if selected contextual and individual variables impact an adolescent's academic competence, and if such impact differs in relation to an adolescent's bullying status. The results of random coefficient hierarchical regression analyses indicated that being a bully predicted lower grades across time, and that being a bully was more detrimental for girls than for boys. Being a bully and being a victim negatively predicted self-perceived academic competence, but these predictive effects did not change over time or differ by sex. Teacher support positively predicted grades and greater parent support and teacher support independently predicted higher self-perceive academic competence. Greater educational expectations and school engagement independently predicted higher self-reported grades, while these two predictors positively interacted in explaining self-perceived academic competence. Unexpectedly, peer support negatively predicted self-reported grades for victims, and negatively predicted self-perceived academic competence for bullies. We discuss the importance of addressing the issue of academic competence in bullying interventions, as well as the utility of capitalizing on developmental assets in promoting academic competence among adolescents who bully and who are bullied.     

Measuring up: Academic performance of Canadian immigrant children in reading,mathematics, and science

Using the Canadian sample from the Programme for International Student Assessment, this study examined the effects of student and school characteristics on academic achievement of immigrant and non-immigrant students. No differences were found in mathematics achievement, but non-immigrant students outperformed immigrant students in both reading and science achievement. At the student level, there was more gender equity in academic achievement among immigrant than non-immigrant students. Socioeconomic inequity was related to fathers among immigrant students but to both mothers and fathers among non-immigrant students. Home language had weaker effects among immigrant than non-immigrant students. At the school level, teacher-student ratio, teacher morale, and academic pressure were predictors for immigrant students, whereas disciplinary climate for non-immigrant students. Non-immigrant students demonstrated tremendous regional differences that were absent among immigrant students.     

我国城市居民消费心理预期的结构及其影响因素研究

本研究采用自编《消费心理预期结构问卷》对1097名城市居民进行了研究,结果表明：1《消费心理预期结构问卷》具有较高的信度和效度;2．消费心理预期由预测经历、信息量、价格知觉水平、信息来源与渠道,以及预测依据等5个因素构成;3．现阶段,我国城市居民消费心理预期的一般特点是预期的准确性不高预期的理性化程度尚有待提高;影响消费心理预期结构的主要因素是消费者的性另、年龄、学历、职业和所在城市等变量。     

Family meaning of self-starvation: themes discerned in family treatment in Hong Kong

This study aims to identify themes from the treatment of Chinese families with an adolescent or an adult member suffering from anorexia nervosa (AN), through a multiple case study. This study reveals that self-starvation may be regarded as a cultural metaphor. Four major themes emerged at the family level: self-starvation as an expression of love and control, coalition of the AN daughter with the mother, family loyalty, and the powerlessness and helplessness of the mother. The themes identified are narrative accounts of the Hong Kong Chinese families, rather than causal explanations proposed by Western literature. The emerging themes are believed to be constructed and legitimized by traditional Chinese cultural values, with females being subordinated to and dependent on males and the self being subjugated to or sacrificed for the collective. Treatment implications are discussed.