Addicted to answers: Need for cognitive closure and the endorsement of conspiracy beliefs

Conspiracy theories offer simple answers to complex problems by providing explanations for uncertain situations. Thus, they should be attractive to individuals who are intolerant of uncertainty and seek cognitive closure. We hypothesized that need for cognitive closure (NFCC) should foster conspiracy beliefs about events that lack clear official explanations, especially when conspiracy theories are temporarily salient. In Experiment 1, NFCC positively predicted the endorsement of a conspiracy theory behind the refugee crisis, especially when conspiratorial explanations were made salient. Experiment 2 showed that when conspiratorial explanations were made salient, NFCC positively predicted beliefs in conspiracies behind a mysterious plane crash. However, the link between NFCC and beliefs in conspiratorial explanations was reversed in the case of a plane crash with an official, non‐conspiratorial, explanation for the accident. In conclusion, people high (vs. low) in NFCC seize on conspiratorial explanations for uncertain events when such explanations are situationally accessible.     

Treatment Efficacy of Multiple Family Therapy for Chinese Families of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

The treatment efficacy of multiple family therapy (MFT) for Chinese families of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has not been studied in the past. In this paper, the effect of MFT on different aspects of the lives of the parents in the experimental group (n = 61) was compared with the effect of only the psychoeducational talks on parents in the control group (n = 53). The results of a MANOVA have shown that by the time they reached the posttreatment phase, the parents who had completed the full 42 hours of the MFT program perceived their children's ADHD symptoms as being less serious and less pathological than they had originally thought compared to the parents in the control group. The effect of MFT on parent–child relationships, parenting stress, parental efficacy, hope, and perceived social support was statistically insignificant. Contributions and limitations of our study are discussed.     

“后社会主义时代”的正义——Nancy Fraser社会正义概念研究

在政治伦理论域中,多元文化主义和女性主义已成为自由主义正义论在当前的强劲对手.以社会批判理论著称的南希·弗雷泽就是以这样一种双重身份介入了这场论辩,提出了有关"后社会主义时代"的正义构想.弗雷泽提出"地位模式的承认"将承认的合法性框限在仅和社会平等地位相关的范围内,用以强调对承认正义的诉求绝不可遮蔽对再分配正义的反省与批判,并据此构建了一种以"平等参与"为支点的"双焦点的正义概念"和""视角上的二元论方法"来表达对当前社会不正义的关注.     

亮度对白光和色光临界融合频率的影响

本实验研究了不同亮度级的光谱色光(440,460,540,560,640,660nm)和白光的CFF。结果表明:除极高亮度(5087td)外,CFF与logI函数均呈线性关系。白光表现了最大的CFF,其图线斜率大于任何色光的图线斜率。可以见到:亮度是CFF和logI之间关系的最重要的决定因素之一。在所用的色光中,绿色不论在CFF绝对值或其图线斜率方面均高于光谱两端色光的相应数据。从而可以推断:波长对CFF和logI之间关系的效应不可忽视。光谱两端色光曲线的差别明显,而同色区内相邻色的曲线间差异则不显著,这又一次说明波长的区别对CFF的意义重大。在某些亮度水平上白光CFF绝对值低于色光,虽然在最高亮度级时其最大CFF值高于所有色光的相应数据。我们的研究结果再次提出,有必要对CIE V(λ)在某些条件下应用的适当性进行重新考虑。     

When Interrogative Self‐talk Improves Task Performance: The Role of Answers to Self‐posed Questions

Nearly all the self‐talk cues studied so far have been self‐statements. However, the findings of Senay, Albarracin, and Noguchi suggest that interrogative self‐talk produces better task performance than declarative one. Two of the experiments reported here were meant to replicate that study, but the expected differences were not confirmed. Experiment 3 showed that if a self‐posed question about future behavior was answered positively, task performance was better than in groups exposed either to the self‐statement ‘I will do it’ or to a negative answer following the question. However, these differences occurred only in those who self‐reported the awareness of the impact of self‐talk on their thought processes. This effect and the possible reasons why between‐group differences were not found in Experiments 1 and 2 are discussed. An alternative explanation for the results of Experiment 3 is also proposed beside that stressing the impact of internal answer. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

类别(Category)判断的模糊集模型和多级估量法

本文提出了类别判断的模糊集模型。它的基本含义是: 1.在心理连续量上,类别的划分是模糊的。 2.在每一个类别上,都有不同的符合程度。它的数学形式是:■ 其次,在该模型的基础上,产生了一种新的类别量表——“多级估量法”。同时,给出了两种变式和一种“多次切割排序法。” 最后,多级估量法测量喜爱度的结果表明,提供的信息要比传统的类别量表提供的更多,对心理状态和心理过程的描述更完整更细致。     

日常前瞻记忆的年龄差异

在年龄—前瞻记忆悖论现象中,老年人在完成日常前瞻记忆任务时,其表现优于年轻人的现象尤其引人注意。研究者一方面探讨了动机水平、责任心、生活状态以及外部帮助与提示等与主体有关的因素等对这一结果的影响;另一方面也研究了任务本身因素的影响,根据不同任务情境和任务性质的前瞻记忆年龄比较的结果,可以推断日常前瞻记忆年龄差异的来源在于任务的性质而非任务的情境。将来的研究可通过元分析、中介效应检验等手段进一步确定日常前瞻记忆年龄差异的机制。     

信号检测论与古典的心理物理学方法

从本世纪五十年代Tanner和Swets把信号检测论引入心理学的研究以来,它已经成为研究心理物理学的一个有力工具。近年来利用信号检测论研究心理学问题的文章更是屡见不鲜。信号检测论对心理物理学的最大贡献是它可以把被试的辨别力和他的反应倾向性分开,而以古典心理物理法测得的感觉阈限则是二者不可分割的混合物。由于信     

心理模糊性的测量

本文初步得到如下三点结果:1.表征了人类心理概念化具有模糊集(Fuzzy Sets)特征。2.经验地评论了L.A.Zadeh的模糊语义定量的某些算子或运算规则。3.利用模糊熵的概念测量了人类的某些推论过程中的智力差异。     

关于青年学生对汉字特征的识别——同构异字识别规则初探

本研究对两对同构异字:“日” 与“曰” 和“由” 与“甲”的变体,作了确认率、自信度和满意度三种测量,一致表明识别和变体之间存在某种心理物理关系。它适合建立模糊集合论的数学模型。其次,表明人们对于同构异字的特征觉察具有动态的性质。此外,在两择一强制选择条件下,数据良好地表征出模糊集合论的余集和模糊熵的特性。