荀子"刑、德"思想探析

荀子“刑”、“德”思想自有其独特的学术品格,但溯其源流,大抵远绍周公“明德慎罚”思想,近承孔子“为政以德”、“先教后诛”思想,下启董仲舒“德主刑辅”思想,诸多思想与表述甚至直接袭用《尚书》等书、引证孔子等语录事迹,在先秦儒家刑德思想发展系统中是不可或缺的重要一环。     

Enriched environment treatment restores impaired hippocampal synaptic plasticity and cognitive deficits induced by prenatal chronic stress

Prenatal stress can cause long-term effects on cognitive functions in offspring. Hippocampal synaptic plasticity, believed to be the mechanism underlying certain types of learning and memory, and known to be sensitive to behavioral stress, can be changed by prenatal stress. Whether enriched environment treatment (EE) in early postnatal periods can cause a recovery from these deficits is unknown. Experimental animals were Wistar rats. Prenatal stress was evoked by 10 foot shocks (0.8 mA for 1s, 2-3 min apart) in 30 min per day at gestational day 13-19. After weaning at postnatal day 22, experimental offspring were given the enriched environment treatment through all experiments until tested (older than 52 days age). Electrophysiological and Morris water maze testing was performed at 8 weeks of age. The results showed that prenatal stress impaired long-term potentiation (LTP) but facilitated long-term depression (LTD) in the hippocampal CA1 region in the slices. Furthermore, prenatal stress exacerbated the effects of acute stress on hippocampal LTP and LTD, and also impaired spatial learning and memory in the Morris water maze. However, all these deficits induced by prenatal stress were recovered by enriched environment treatment. This work observes a phenomenon that may contribute to the understanding of clinically important interactions among cognitive deficit, prenatal stress and enriched environment treatment. Enriched environment treatment on early postnatal periods may be one potentially important target for therapeutic interventions in preventing the prenatal stress-induced cognitive disorders.     

民族精神在师范院校中的弘扬与培育

党的十六大报告指出,民族精神是一个民族赖以生存和发展的精神支柱。高等师范院校作为国民教育的重要组成部分,在弘扬与培育民族精神中必然扮演着特殊的角色。新形势下准确把握民族精神的内涵,明确弘扬与培育民族精神的历史意义,积极探索其在师范院校中弘扬与培育的有效途径是一项十分紧迫而重大的任务。     

对新员工入职期望变化的一项纵向研究

通过对419名企业新员工入职期望的纵向研究,并运用LGM分析,结果表明：①在组织社会化初期,新员工入职期望的变化呈独特规律,即,工作期望线性下降,团队和企业期望的变化呈不定义曲线形式;②新员工入职期望各维度的变化率都存在显著的个体差异,但仅工作期望初始状态的个体差异显著;③新员工入职期望各维度的初始状态和变化速度之间都存在显著的正相关。由本研究而引发的诸如个体差异的预测因素等问题,还有待进一步研究     

跨文化协同增效研究的3种典型视角

随着经济全球化进程的加速,跨国公司日益重视运用多元文化来创造国际竞争优势。论文首先讨论了“跨文化协同增效”的内涵以及达成跨文化协同增效的标准,然后介绍了跨文化协同增效研究的3种典型视角：加拿大研究者Adler的研究视角、德国研究者Krewer的研究视角和印尼研究者Tjitra的研究视角。3种不同的视角体现出研究者自身文化的特点。前两种视角是从西方文化出发,认为必须创造“第三种文化”来达成跨文化协同增效,而后一种视角则是从东方文化出发,针对本国文化的独特性进行跨文化协同增效理论研究。最后在比较分析3种不同研究视角基础上,认为应借鉴国外学者的研究思路,针对独特的中国文化进行跨文化协同增效研究     

情绪劳动：表层动作与深层动作，哪一种效果更好？

情绪劳动（表层动作和深层动作）,哪一种情绪劳动的效果更积极？该项研究结合“情绪调节”和“双任务”的实验范式,以指导语引起不同的情绪劳动,以电影片段诱发负情绪（以悲伤为主）,同时测量情绪劳动过程情绪的变化,并通过数学成绩和自我真实感检测情绪劳动对后续工作和心理上的作用。结果表明：（1）操作表层动作与深层动作都具有一定的难度,需要付出一定的努力;且深层动作引起更多的精力集中;（2）表层动作和深层动作都可以减弱已被诱发的悲伤情绪,深层动作引起了更大的生理激活（R-R间期增加较小）;（3）表层动作导致后续工作成绩降低,自我真实感减弱。结论：如果需要在负情绪（悲伤）状态下展现正情绪（微笑）,深层动作是更积极的情绪劳动方式     

群体差异的公民资格与政治正义的实现——I.M.杨的社会正义研究

20世纪末,当公民权利已经在自由资本主义社会被正式扩展到所有群体时,社会中仍存在受压迫和边缘化的群体,为何平等的公民权的扩展未能导致社会的正义和平等?     

为什么世界惟一的印度教国家不复存在？

尼泊尔是世界上惟一的一个印度教立国的君主制国家。2006年5月18日尼泊尔议会通过决议,宣布尼泊尔为"世俗国家",废除印度教为国教。     

Object‐Label‐Order Effect When Learning From an Inconsistent Source

Learning in natural environments is often characterized by a degree of inconsistency from an input. These inconsistencies occur, for example, when learning from more than one source, or when the presence of environmental noise distorts incoming information; as a result, the task faced by the learner becomes ambiguous. In this study, we investigate how learners handle such situations. We focus on the setting where a learner receives and processes a sequence of utterances to master associations between objects and their labels, where the source is inconsistent by design: It uses both “correct” and “incorrect” object‐label pairings. We hypothesize that depending on the order of presentation, the result of the learning may be different. To this end, we consider two types of symbolic learning procedures: the Object‐Label (OL) and the Label‐Object (LO) process. In the OL process, the learner is first exposed to the object, and then the label. In the LO process, this order is reversed. We perform experiments with human subjects, and also construct a computational model that is based on a nonlinear stochastic reinforcement learning algorithm. It is observed experimentally that OL learners are generally better at processing inconsistent input compared to LO learners. We show that the patterns observed in the learning experiments can be reproduced in the simulations if the model includes (a) an ability to regularize the input (and also to do the opposite, i.e., undermatch) and (b) an ability to take account of implicit negative evidence (i.e., interactions among different objects/labels). The model suggests that while both types of learners utilize implicit negative evidence in a similar way, there is a difference in regularization patterns: OL learners regularize the input, whereas LO learners undermatch. As a result, OL learners are able to form a more consistent system of image‐utterance associations, despite the ambiguous learning task.     

Ambivalent sexism,attitudes towards menstruation and menstrual cycle‐related symptoms

The objective of the present study was to investigate the relationship between ambivalent sexism and beliefs and attitudes towards menstruation, and, in turn, to study the influence of these variables on menstrual cycle‐related symptoms. One hundred and six Mexican women completed the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory, the Beliefs about and Attitudes toward Menstruation Questionnaire and the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire. The higher scores on benevolent sexism were associated with the most positive attitudes towards menstruation and also with the belief that a menstruating woman should or should not do some activities and that menstruation keeps women from their daily activities. The higher scores on hostile sexism were associated with rejection of menstruation as well as with feelings of embarrassment about it. Beliefs about and attitudes towards menstruation predicted menstrual cycle‐related symptoms related to negative affect, impaired concentration and behavioural changes, but did not predict somatic symptoms. These results will be useful to health professionals and advocates who want to change the negative expectations and stereotypes of premenstrual and menstrual women and reduce the sexism and negative attitudes towards women that are evident in Mexican culture.