对归纳推理贝叶斯模型的检验

作者用实验比较检验特征归纳的贝叶斯模型、关联相似性模型、基于特征的归纳推理模型和相似性覆盖模型这四种模型。以大学生为被试的实验结果表明：1）在强关联强度一致时,被试的归纳推理基本符合贝叶斯模型和关联相似性模型的预测,在弱关联强度一致时,不符合这四种模型预测;2）在关联强度不一致时,关联强度效应不符合贝叶斯模型的预测;3）在关联强度一致时,贝叶斯模型和关联相似性模型的预测结果是一致的,不能区分两个模型。实验结果较多地支持贝叶斯模型和关联相似性模型。     

从心理学的角度看“法轮功”的“向内找”

近年来,从社会学角度对“法轮功”的内容予以批判和揭露的文章很多,但从心理学角度对“法轮功”这一邪教现象予以分析和批判的研究并不多。本文由“法轮功”的亲身经历者从独特的心理学内省技术的独特视角对“法轮功”的“向内找”予以分析,揭露了李洪志是如何利用心理技术以修身养性之名来行精神控制之实。     

A novel technology for investigating the dynamics of infant perseverative reaching

We designed and tested a novel technology that enables us to capture the entire stream of behavior in perseverative reaching tasks. Beyond fitting the criteria of the conventional A-not-B task, the novel technology gives us better access to the core features of perseverative reaching, such as timing, behavior history, and reinforcement. The technology allows us to quantitatively manipulate reinforcement characteristics, to accurately program onsets, delays, and stimulus durations as well as locations and salience of the targets, and to automatically record the number of reaches to each target and compute timing. We did a validation study on this new technology, investigating the influence of a number of novel factors on perseverative reaching. We replicated the A-not-B phenomenon and associated developmental changes. In addition, results demonstrated that the new technology offers insights into infants' behavior beyond the first reaching action. Moreover, data collection is fully automated, yielding precise, quantitative data. Future studies using this technology will capitalize on the salient advantages of this technology to more precisely measure goal-directed actions and understand the development of reaching skill.     

中小学生注意转换能力的发展研究

采用任务转换范式考察了108名中小学生的注意转换能力。反应—线索间距和线索—目标间距都分为200ms和2000ms两种水平。结果发现：（1）一般转换条件下,小5学生、初2学生和高2学生的定势选择速度相同,小5学生的定势选择正确性比初2学生和高2学生低;特定转换条件下,短时CTI下小5学生的定势转换速度比初2学生和高2学生慢,长时CTI下小5学生的定势转换速度比初2学生和高2学生快,初2学生的定势转换正确性比高2学生低;（2）一般转换条件下,任务定势重组在任务转换中作用不大,任务定势惯性在任务转换中起作用;特定转换条件下,任务定势重组和任务定势惯性在任务转换中的作用都不大。     

Modeling the effects of verbal and nonverbal pair strength on associative recognition

Operations that improve the accuracy of associative recognition can do so in qualitatively different ways. Increasing repetitions and study time increases hit rates but has small effects on false alarm rates, and the specific patterns of false alarms are dependent on the stimuli (e.g., pairs of words, pseudowords, faces, or Chinese characters). In contrast, manipulating the type of stimuli that make up pairs produces a robust mirror effect: The hit rate is greater, and the false alarm rate is lower, for better recognized stimuli. To explain these findings, a model of single-item recognition is extended to associative recognition. Within this dual-process framework, the present results suggest that words are encoded more extensively than nonverbal stimuli and that recognition of frequently encountered stimuli (words and faces) is more likely to be based on recollection than is recognition of uncommon stimuli (pseudowords and Chinese characters).     

Modern Chinese psychology: Its indigenous roots and international influences

Psychological thinking in China originated 2000 years ago when Chinese philosophers debated about the goodness and evilness of human nature. In the 16th and 17th centuries the Jesuit missionaries introduced the Catholic scholastic psychology into China. Modern Chinese psychology was mainly introduced from Germany, America, and Japan in the early 20th century. After the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, Chinese psychology tried to stage a reform by taking the psychology of the Soviet Union as its model. During the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976) psychology was abandoned due to its Western roots. In the late 1970s psychology was rehabilitated and new fields were opened up for study. Currently, Chinese psychology is adopting a multi‐dimensional approach to meet the demands of China's modernization movement.     

青少年亲子关系与网络成瘾:孤独感的中介作用

采用分层整群取样的方法,在北京市九所中学共抽取3766名中学生,要求以匿名方式填写Buchnan等人的亲子亲密度量表、雷雳等人的青少年病理性互联网使用量表和Asher等人的儿童孤独量表,考察青少年的父子关系、母子关系、孤独感与网络成瘾的关系。通过相关分析、结构方程模型等分析方法,结果发现:(1)中学生的网络成瘾率为11.2%,且男生的网络成瘾率显著高于女生的成瘾率;重点中学青少年的网络成瘾率显著低于普通中学和职业中学;(2)中学生的亲子关系与自身的孤独感、网络成瘾均呈显著负相关;而中学生的孤独感与自身的网络成瘾呈显著正相关;(3)父子关系不仅可以直接显著负向预测青少年的网络成瘾程度,而且还可以通过影响青少年的孤独感进而间接地负向预测青少年的网络成瘾;而母子关系只通过影响青少年的孤独感间接地负向预测青少年的网络成瘾。总之,孤独感在中学生父子关系影响自身网络成瘾的关系中起部分中介作用;而在母子关系影响自身网络成瘾的关系中起完全中介作用。     

自我损耗：理论、影响因素及研究走向

自我的活动消耗心理能量后引起执行功能下降的过程称为自我损耗, 自我损耗是生活中诸多的适应不良现象的原因之一。近几年, 自我损耗理论在发生领域、损耗状态的时限和内在机制等方面均有所发展; 对自我损耗影响因素的探究主要集中于认知、情绪及人格特质等领域; 自我损耗后效的研究逐渐呈现出应用化的趋势。未来研究需要进一步探究自我损耗的机制, 对影响因素和损耗后效上存在的争议进行澄清, 并在测量工具上寻找突破以满足理论的发展需求。     

对交迭任务记忆的实验研究(Ⅰ)

许多监管任务要求操作者记住随机发生的、必须在规定时刻内给予一定反应的许多刺激。这样在刺激—反应之间就出现了复杂的交迭过程。本实验模拟这类刺激—反应情境,将简单的任务信息随机呈现在IBM PC/XT计算机屏幕上,要求被试在指定时间给出适当的反应。实验Ⅰ的结果表明,任务呈现间隔时间影响交迭记忆的业绩,交迭记忆业绩随任务间隔时间的延长而提高。进而说明时间繁忙是心理负荷的时间因素。     

独生与非独生儿童认知发展的比较研究(广州市)

为了研究中国独生子女政策可能造成的独生和非独生儿童的认知能力的差别,分别在广州七所小学一年级和五年级中选择了146名和171名独生与非独生儿童。用11项认知能力测验对这些儿童进行测查。一年级独生儿童在言语记忆和一般常识项目上的成绩优于非独生儿童。研究认为,一年级独生儿童在与一般认知能力有关的项目上具有优势。而五年级的独生儿童在认知作业成绩上,没有表现出显著性的优势。另外,独生男童在一般常识方面优于独生女童。作者用独生儿童受到较大的父母关注和投资来解释一年级独生对非独生儿童在认知方面的优势。随着儿童的自然成熟和学业教育,两者之间的差距会逐渐缩小,从而使五年级独生儿童未能在认知方面表现出明显的优势。