对我国性别刻板印象的分析

心理学在当代中国迅速发展,其中对性别刻板印象的研究也十分全面。本文探讨了性别刻板印象的表现,分析了影响其产生的因素,并进一步介绍了减弱性别刻板印象的对策。     

Embodiment、认知科学以及传统意义理论的发展

智能是一个有"意义"的活动;认知科学与意义理论之间存在有效的互动。概念/命题的传统意义理论是传统认知科学研究的重要理论基础。Embodiment支配的涉身认知科学研究是对基于规则演算的传统认知科学的现实修正。涉身认知科学与相应的哲学思想产生了一种更为全面的涉身意义理论。涉身意义理论提供了全面揭示和了解智能的一条可能路径。     

西方理论心理学研究的新特点

理论心理学研究的复兴是近年来西方心理学发展的新特点。西方理论心理学研究的重点,并不是通过理论化的简单转向来克服心理学发展中的困难,或以总体的、一般的抽象术语重新发明元理论,而是力图在提高理论研究方式的科学化水平基础上,加强对具体的、中等水平的亚理论问题的整合性学术探讨。进一步寻求心理学理论研究走向繁荣的学科内在发展机制。     

“非典”流行期民众常见的心理应激反应与心理干预

该文介绍了传染性非典型性肺炎（严重的急性呼吸综合征,SARS）急性流行期我国民众较常见的心理应激反应,包括焦虑和恐惧、愤怒和怨恨以及抑郁等情绪反应,认知反应,自我防御反应和生理反应,描述了人们面对SARS威胁时的应对策略;探讨了当前影响民众心理反应的诸种因素,包括刺激事件或刺激情境的性质与特点,对事物的态度和认识评价,应对挑战的能力与应对方式,以及心理社会环境和人格特征等;指出了心理干预应当遵循的四个原则和多种形式,说明了6种心理干预的具体措施和方法。     

学者精神永存——忆《费希特全集》编纂者劳特

德国慕尼黑大学赖因哈德·劳特教授(1919～2007)是当代著名的费希特著作编纂家和研究家."文革"结束以前,我虽然从<德国哲学研究>杂志上看过他宣告要编辑<费希特全集>,但对他从事的这项工程的重要性并没有什么认识."文革"结束以后,我才看到从1962年开始出版的这套全集的前十卷.     

趣文四则

一切封建迷信活动之所以会“动”得起来,除了历史渊源和社会基础以外,还有一个重要原因就是必须有经济利益的推动。笔者思忖,如果把那些从事封建迷信之徒伸向其信徒钱袋的黑手斩断,恐怕谁也不会再去搞装神弄鬼的勾当了。亦会发现他们的所谓排忧解难,普度众生,也只不过是他们骗人钱财的幌子而已。只要读者阅读如下数例掠影,     

Long-term follow-up of physical activity behavior in older adults.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the contribution of social-cognitive factors (self-efficacy and affect) in predicting long-term physical activity in a sample of older adults (N=174). DESIGN: A prospective design assessed physical activity and psychosocial variables at 2 and 5 years following a 6-month randomized, controlled exercise trial. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome variable was self-reported physical activity, with previous behavior, self-efficacy, and affect assessed as determinants of physical activity. RESULTS: Covariance modeling analyses indicated that physical activity at Year 2 was the strongest predictor of physical activity at 5-year follow-up. Both self-efficacy and affect at Year 2 were also associated with physical activity at Year 5, as was original treatment condition. Variables accounted for 35% of the variance in Year 5 activity. CONCLUSION: Older adults with higher levels of physical activity, more positive affect, and higher self-efficacy at Year 2 were more likely to continue to be active at Year 5. This study is one of the longest follow-ups of exercise behavior in older adults and has implications for structuring environments to maximize the maintenance of physical activity.     

Age differences in the structure of the Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale

In this research we examined age differences in the factorial structure of the Philadelphia Geriatric Center (PGC) Morale Scale. In particular, we viewed the covariance structure of the PGC Morale Scale items as a function of several parameter matrices. We analyzed the factorial invariance by testing hypotheses involving the equivalence constraints of one or more parameter matrices in the young-old (65-74) and the old-old (75 and over) populations. Data for this research came from the 1968 National Senior Citizens Survey. Analysis of covariance structures, or LISREL, was used to assess the factorial invariance of the PGC Morale Scale. Although there are some statistically significant age differences in the factorial structure, substantively they are less important.     

Satisfaction with social support and depressive symptoms: a panel analysis

The literature suggests that persons who are dissatisfied with the amount of social support that has been provided to them may subsequently suffer from psychological disorder. At the same time, there is evidence that individuals who initially suffer from emotional disorder may consequently be less satisfied with their social support systems than may persons who enjoy better mental health. The purpose of this study was to test these competing hypotheses with panel data from a community survey of older adults. The findings indicate that changes in satisfaction with support tend to precede changes in depressive symptoms. A number of issues in the analysis of longitudinal data are discussed.     

Electronic maps for terminal area navigation: effects of frame of reference and dimensionality

Two experiments are reported that contrast rotating versus fixed electronic map displays, which pilots used for a simulated approach to a landing. In Experiment 1, a rotating versus fixed-map display was experimentally crossed with a two-dimensional (2D) versus three-dimensional (3D) view (perspective map) as pilots' ability to maintain the flight path and demonstrate awareness of the location of surrounding terrain features were assessed. Rotating displays supported better flight path guidance and did not substantially harm performance on terrain awareness tasks. 3D displays led to a substantial cost for vertical control but did not differ from 2D displays in lateral control. In Experiment 2, pilots flew with the rotating 2D display and with an improved version of the rotating 3D display, designed to reduce the ambiguity of representing altitude information. Vertical control improved as a result of the 3D display design improvement, but lateral control did not. The results are discussed in terms of the costs and benefits of presenting information in 3D, ego-referenced format for both flight path control and terrain awareness.