LOG-LINEAR MODELING IN PERSONNEL RESEARCH

Log-linear modeling is a discrete multivariate statistical technique that is designed specifically for analyzing data when both the independent and dependent variables are categorical or nominal. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the utility of this technique in personnel research. The paper (a) discusses behavioral areas of application, (b) compares log-linear modeling with chi-square and regression analysis, (c) presents the basic principles and hypotheses of log-linear modeling, and (d) shows how the technique is used.     

Defense mechanisms in alcoholics attending outpatient treatment. Results from the MCT-test (Meta-Contrast Technique)

Defensive strategies were studied in 72 alcoholics participating in outpatient treatment by using, before the treatment started, the Meta-Contrast Technique, MCT, a percept-genetic method. Alcoholics had less often adaptive strategies than controls. A lack of adaptive defense strategies was related to a more impaired psychic status, more psychological benefits from drinking, and more psychiatric symptoms but not to severity of alcoholism or results of psychometric tests (intellectual level, field-dependence, spatial performance). It does not seem inconceivable that the MCT could be used as a diagnostic tool in treatment planning.     

Exploring the Religious-Spiritual Needs of the Dying

After presenting evidence for the heightened need among the dying to explore religious-spiritual issues, the article explains how counselors might best approach this need. The approach that is explicated centers on nonjudgmental openness toward all of the client's religious-spiritual explorations. The last, and largest, portion of the article presents psycho-social tools that can be used to assess, examine, and amplify a client's religious-spiritual strengths.     

Ethnic Identity Development: Toward the Development of a Theory Within the Context of Majority/Minority Status

The purpose of this article is twofold: (a) to reconceptualize the issue of racial identity development so that it is not just limited to the issue of oppression and(b) to provide a beginning framework for conceptualizing ethnic identity development that can be used for members of both minority and majority ethnic groups. Propositions leading toward the development of a theory of ethnic group identity development within the context of majority and minority status are presented. Este artículo tiene dos propósitios: (a) reconceptualizar el asunto del desarrollo de identidad racial para que no esté solamente limitado al tema de la opresión, y (b) disponer los principios de un marco para la concepcializción del desarrollo de identidad étnica para que se le pueda usar con los miembros de grupos de minorías y mayorías étnicas. Se presentan proposiciones para el crecimiento de una teoriá del desarrollo de la identidad de un grupo étnico dentro del contexto de estatus de mayoría/minoría.     

Need for Cognition and Choice Framing Effects

Two experiments tested the hypothesis that framing biases in decision making would affect more strongly individuals with relatively low levels of need for cognition (NC). Participants were classified as high or low NC based on responses to a standard scale and subsequently were exposed to one of two framings of a choice problem. Different choice problems were used in each experiment, modeled after those developed by Kahneman and Tversky. Experiment 1 employed a monetary task and Experiment 2 a medical decision-making task. Consistent with expectations, framing effects on choice were observed in both experiments, but only for low NC participants. High NC participants were unaffected by problem framing, showing that they were less susceptible to attempts to alter their frame of reference.