Opinions of typical female and male sex-role behavior in Swedish children

The purpose of the study was to measure the opinions of typical female and male sex-role behavior in Swedish children. Sixty-two adults aged 20–30 years participated in a study designed to develop a method for the measuring of these opinions. In the main study, 515 children between the ages of three and twelve participated. The results showed that from the age of three, Swedish children share opinions about typical female and male sex-role behavior with adults to a large extent, and this became more pronounced with increasing age. The study also showed that the reliability of the method used was satisfactory. Factor analyses gave two orthogonal factors identified as a femininity factory and a masculinity factor, indicating that the validity also could be considered satisfactory.     

Work and Nonwork Perspectives and Trends

This article explores the historical concepts and changing values of work. It explains our current nonwork trend and the implications for work satisfaction: expanded leisure time and the counselor's role.     

Career Decision-Making Models: Espoused Theory Versus Theory-in-Use

The author examines the limitations of career decision-making models from a theory-in-action perspective (Argyris, 1976). Research implications are discussed.     

A Guilt-Based Explanation of the Door-in-the-Face Influence Strategy

A new explanation is proposed for the accumulated research findings concerning the door-in-the-face (DITF) influence strategy. The explanation treats successful DITF implementations as based on guilt: Refusal of the first request creates guilt, and compliance with the second request reduces guilt. In addition to explaining the known effects of DITF moderator variables, the explanation is consistent with current theoretical and empirical understandings of the nature of guilt and with extant research findings concerning guilt-based social influence. This explanation also suggests a significant role for a new moderator, the identity of the beneficiary of the requests. A reanalysis of previous meta-analytic findings confirms the importance of that moderator.     

Exercise Is In! Implicit Exercise and Sedentary‐Lifestyle Bias Held by In‐Groups1

This research examined implicit exercise‐related bias between exercising groups. Participants (N = 53) completed an Implicit Association Test with neutrally valenced exerciser or couch potato exemplars. Participants who explicitly identified as exercisers had greater positive bias toward exercisers and against couch potatoes than did participants who identified as nonexercisers. Similarly, participants who reported greater exercise had significantly greater positive bias toward exercisers than did participants who reported less exercise. Our results expand on existing research on anti‐fat and exercise‐related stereotypes by providing evidence of implicit biases for exercisers and against couch potatoes among those who are already active.     

Involvement in four future events as a function of temporal distance

Abstract.— A total of 91 Swedish high-school students, in four groups, estimated their degree of involvement in each of 4 potential future events, which were assumed to occur at 5 alternative points in time within the next 75 years. In addition, estimates were made of the relative importance of the events as well as of their subjective probability and influenceability. Factor analysis revealed two different time-involvement relations: (1) involvement decreasing slowly with increasing temporal distance for the two next decades. and then rapidly approaching zero, and (2) involvement decreasing rapidly for the nearest decades, and then slowly approaching an asymptotic value. Subjects representing the first trend gave consistently higher estimates of event probability. Relative involvement for the events was judged differently by subjects in natural-science and social-science lines of education.     

THE APPLICATION OF EXPLORATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS IN APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY: A CRITICAL REVIEW AND ANALYSIS

Although factor analysis has been a major contributing factor in advancing psychological research, a systematic assessment of how it has been applied is lacking. For this review we examined the Journal of Applied Psychology, Organizational Behavior and Human Performance , and Personnel Psychology over a ten-year period (1975–1984) and located 152 studies that employed factor analysis. We then analyzed the choices made by the researchers concerning factor model, retention criteria, rotation, interpretation of factors and other issues relevant to factor analysis. The results indicate that choices made by researchers have generally been poor and that reporting practices have not allowed for informed review, cumulation of results, or replicability. A comparison of results by time interval (1975–1979; 1980–1984) revealed minimal differences in choices made or the quality of reporting practices. Suggestions for improving the use of factor analysis and the reporting of results are presented.     

The Occupational,Learning, and Social Support Orientations of Employees

This study identifies indicators of possible job success by investigation of the relationship between work stability/satisfaction and occupational, learning, and social support orientations of rehabilitation personnel. A questionnaire that included Holland's Vocational Preference Inventory and Sheffield's Orientation of Adult Learners Scale was mailed to 338 employees in rehabilitation settings. The data analyses indicated that such employees have basically the occupational characteristics of social, artistic, and investigative profiles and that the environments of the rehabilitation facilities were basically social, artistic, and enterprising. Such a match promotes a stable and satisfying work situation based on Holland's theory. The occupational orientation of employees can also serve as an indicator of their learning orientation and preference and their social support orientations.