论唯物主义历史观的范式跃迁

<正>从上个世纪80年代开始,西方历史哲学观念的"涌入"一方面在国内学界造成了一定程度的思想混乱,另一方面也激发出很多深刻、有力的回应与思考,它们与一味地唱赞歌、奏凯歌式的所谓思想诠释、"理论创新"殊然别样。就马克思极其鲜明的思想个性和马克思哲学的否定精神、批判本性而言,我们完全有理由认为:有意无意地将马克思置于疏离时代现实或者论敌统统缺场的境地,而反复申说其正确性或科学性,乃是马克思之后学们以所谓学术方式给予马克思的最大侮辱。     

Motivations for Self‐Injury,Affect, and Impulsivity: A Comparison of Individuals with Current Self‐Injury to Individuals with a History of Self‐Injury

Individuals who report nonsuicidal self‐injury (NSSI) are characterized by the tendency to act rashly while experiencing distress (negative urgency), the tendency to act without thinking, and endorsement of both social and affect regulation motives for the behavior. However, very little research has identified characteristics that distinguish current self‐injurers from those with a history of the behavior. The purpose of this study was to compare individuals with current self‐injury to a history of self‐injury on impulsivity‐related personality traits, motives for self‐injury, and distress. Among a sample of 429 undergraduates, 120 reported self‐injury. Among these 120 individuals, 33 endorsed self‐injury within the past month, with a mean frequency of 4.77 acts of NSSI. Within the self‐injury group, current self‐injurers reported higher endorsement of affect regulation motives for NSSI, and higher levels of current negative affect than individuals with a history of self‐injury. There were no differences between current and former self‐injurers on measures of impulsivity, endorsement of social motives for NSSI, or positive affect. We propose that individuals who use NSSI to regulate negative affect may be more likely to repeatedly engage in this behavior over time.     

Suicide Ideations,Suicide Attempts,and Completed Suicide in Persons with Pathological Gambling and Their First‐Degree Relatives

We examined the relationship between suicidal ideations and attempts in 95 probands with pathological gambling (PG), 91 controls, and 1075 first‐degree relatives. The results were analyzed using logistic regression with generalized estimating equations. Thirty‐four PG probands (35.8%) and 4 controls (4.4%) had attempted suicide (OR = 12.12, p < .001); in 13 probands, the attempt occurred before PG onset. Lifetime suicidal ideations occurred in 60 PG probands (63.2%) and 12 controls (13.2%) (OR = 11.29, p < .001). Suicidality in PG probands is a marker of PG severity and is associated with greater psychiatric comorbidity. Offspring of PG probands had significantly higher rates of suicide attempts than control offspring.     

粘连性小肠梗阻发病机制与预防进展

腹部手术后,机体在修复过程中会产生一系列生物化学与细胞学反应,导致腹腔粘连形成.尽管粘连形成具有一定保护性意义,但是粘连也是导致术后小肠梗阻的最主要病因.研究发现,纤维素沉积与降解之间的平衡关系,对于粘连性小肠梗阻的发病机制起着重要作用.     

Risk Factors,Warning Signs,and Drivers of Suicide: What Are They,How Do They Differ,and Why Does It Matter?

Research investigating suicide attempts and deaths by suicide has yielded many specific risk factors and warning signs for future suicidal behaviors. Yet, even though these variables are each valuable for suicide prevention efforts, they may be limited in their applicability to clinical practice. The differences among risk factors, warning signs, and “drivers,” which are person‐specific variables that lead individuals to desire death by suicide, are highlighted. The scarce evidence on drivers is described and specific recommendations for conducting future drivers‐focused research and targeting them in clinical practice are suggested.     

转型国家的宪制选择与民主巩固

伴随着第三波民主化浪潮的展开以及原苏联东欧地区的政治转型,许多学者基于以往的历史经验开始关注转型国家的民主巩固问题.以Linz为代表的学者首先提出了宪制选择与民主巩固的话题,认为议会制更加有利于民主巩固,而总统制则是导致许多国家民主崩溃的制度根源.其他一些学者则对此持异议,认为与特定的制度安排相结合,总统制也能够实现民主巩固.还有一些学者则提出了总统制与议会制之外的第三方选择,即混合制.伴随着学术探讨的深入,许多学者也开始强调民主巩固的制度外因素,包括经济发展水平、政治文化、国家规模、地理位置、历史政治遗产等.民主巩固的因素是多方面的,面对着不可选择的外部因素,政治行动者更应该发挥能动性,建构一套更加有利于民主巩固的制度体系.     

Connectedness and Suicide Prevention in Adolescents: Pathways and Implications

Adolescent suicide is a major public health concern. Stressing the need for public health–based solutions, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention identified “connectedness” as one means of pursuing this agenda. To advance this effort in suicide prevention with adolescents, (1) consistencies and variation in the literature overtly linking connectedness to suicide thoughts and behaviors (STB) are reviewed, (2) three more specific mechanistic pathways are proposed whereby connectedness may influence STB, and (3) several implications related to use of connectedness as a public health framework for adolescent suicide prevention and intervention are outlined.     

Identifying and Referring Youths at Risk for Suicide Following Participation in School‐Based Gatekeeper Training

Gatekeeper training is a core strategy of the Garrett Lee Smith Memorial Suicide Prevention Act of 2004. Using data gathered from school‐based gatekeeper trainings implemented by GLS grantees, this analysis examines training and gatekeeper factors associated with (1) identification and referral patterns and (2) services at‐risk youths receive. Time spent interacting with youths was positively correlated with the number of gatekeeper identifications and knowledge about service receipt. Gatekeepers who participated in longer trainings identified proportionately more at‐risk youths than participants in shorter trainings. Most gatekeeper trainees referred the identified youths to services regardless of training type.