Synchrony in the Triad: A Microlevel Process Model of Coparenting and Parent‐Child Interactions

Guided by a microanalytic approach to the study of relationships, we assessed parent, infant, and coparental behaviors during triadic interactions in 94 parents and their 5‐month‐old firstborn child. Relational behaviors in each family subsystem—mother‐infant, father‐infant, and coparenting—were microcoded. Marital satisfaction and infant temperament were self‐reported. No differences were found in the infants' behavior toward mother and father or in the time spent with each parent. Mothers' and fathers' relational behavior during parent‐infant episodes were generally comparable, yet mothers vocalized more and the latency to father's displaying positive affect was longer. Conditional probabilities indicated that under conditions of coparental mutuality, fathers showed more positive behaviors than mothers. Lag‐sequential analysis demonstrated that change in the infant's social focus between parents followed change in coparental behavior. Fathers' coparental mutuality was independently predicted by maternal behavior during mother‐child episodes, father marital satisfaction, and infant difficult temperament, whereas mothers' coparental mutuality was only linked with fathers' relational behavior. Results highlight the importance of including a microlevel perspective on the family system at the first stages of family development.     

再论经络——兼与严健民、章晓东同志商榷

<医学与哲学>2004年第10期上,中医研究评估栏目中所刊登的,严健民同志"关于利用‘循经感传'探讨经络实体的思考"和章晓东同志"经络实质的思辨"两篇文章,似乎有些踢开红旗闹革命的味道,他们的目的是要否定经络的客观存在,乃至否定整个中医的理论体系,反复研读,思绪万千,为了现代中医经络的前途和命运,有义务站出来与两位同志再谈经络.     

公共卫生的责任主体缺位是众多医学伦理问题产生的根源

我国的卫生、医疗服务系统近年来产生了大量严重的伦理问题,引起了国内外广泛的关注。通过对大量材料的归类、分析,找出我国众多严重伦理问题产生的主要根源是公共卫生责任主体的缺位。解决的主要措施是:加快卫生母法的建立;政府对“公共性”卫生服务责任到位,扭转卫生工作严重的市场化和趋利化倾向;彻底改变医疗费用的“后付制”和“第三方付费制”,实行政府正向投入;改变当前在疾病预防和初级卫生保健投入方面过于细化的分级财政体制;制止药品广告和虚假的医疗广告;加大控制政府公立医院建设的成本和降低医院运行费用的工作,严格收费价格纪律等。     

Observing groups as seen from both sides of the looking glass

Conclusion This paper attempts to make a contribution to an area of the literature on group therapy about which very little has been published—the effects of the therapy group upon the observing group and the dynamics of the observing group as an entity in itself. Although work on which this paper is based took place in training institutions where education is the primary function, it is important to emphasize that education and personal change are interrelated. Psychotherapeutic activity takes place spontaneously with the observers and needs to be constructively utilized. This wealth of process and reaction is an untapped training opportunity for the observing group. The challenge of method, personal reactions, and group process responses are all opportunities for its members to both learn more as therapists and mature as individuals. At this juncture, we are trying to establish ways of     

空间路线学习中的前向测试效应

空间路线信息学习中的前向测试效应及其机制有待检验。研究以虚拟背景下的住宅小区为实验材料, 要求被试学习同一场景4个方向的路线信息(实验1)以及4个不同场景(实验2)的路线信息。结果表明, 在路线1~3的测试中, 同一场景下路线信息相似性高, “隔离”干扰的难度大, 在测试过程中的干扰率高于不同场景的路线信息。在路线4的测试中, 两个实验中测试组的回忆正确率均显著高于重学组, 干扰率则显著低于重学组, 出现了前向测试效应。这些发现表明, 测试可以通过“隔离”来自先前学习信息的前摄干扰来增强后续空间信息的学习。研究结果揭示了空间路线学习中的前向测试效应及其机制, 支持前摄抑制减少理论, 证实了前向测试效应在生活中具有广阔的应用性。     

中药之“毒”概念的历史考察与现代启示

中药之“毒”由来已久,从食物中脱离的“毒药”与早期医学建立联系,随后在《黄帝内经》中形成中药之“毒”的理论框架,历经两千多年临床实践的丰富与发展,一个具有辩证逻辑的中药之“毒”理论体系最终得以呈现,在近现代科学思想影响下,中药之“毒”概念又有了新的突破。中药之“毒”概念的变迁史,也是与中医理论体系的关系史,在变迁历程中体现的直观性、模糊性、稳定性以及融合性四大特征有助于科学认识中药之“毒”,进而得出中药安全性研究应合乎中医自身特色,为解决当下中药安全性争议提供思路。

     

一些传统药物为何退出“历史舞台”

一个与当前的社会热点问题——药品价格虚高问题同样重要的问题——许多安全有效的传统药物正在退出“历史舞台”的问题,应该引起社会各界的足够重视,传统药物不应被抛弃。因为人们对于传统药物的了解,无论是在药理作用上,还是在不良反应方面,都大大优于新药。     

閃光頻率的辨認和等辨量表

一、問題 应某种实际需要,我們必須在閃光頻率低頻的一端选择几个适当信号,以保証人对它們的辨认达到最高准确性。国外心理学家多利用等辨量表作为选择信号的手段。所謂等辨量表,是根据人对某种刺激的辨孰程度繪制的一条曲綫,在等辨量表上纵座标的等距,代表同等程度的可辨性或混淆性。据証明,依照等辨量表上的等距所选择的信号,可以传递更多的信息。F. Attneave, W. R. Garner & H. W. Hake, E. A. Alluisi & R. C. Sidorsky等,对于不同感受系統的刺激曾进行过等辨量表的研究。J. Cohen和A. J.