《圣经》中希伯来医学文化探析

医学文化是希伯来文明的重要组成部分,是世界非物质文化遗产。在圣经时代,希伯来人的医学与宗教紧密结合。一些宗教戒律逐渐演变成希伯来的民俗和传统文化。希伯来人治疗心理疾病主要通过宗教仪式和祈祷求得上帝的拯救;在保健和预防疾病方面是保持圣洁。犹太教的一些戒律具有养生保健作用。犹太教在希伯来医学的发展中打下了深刻的烙印。     

我国公立医院治理机制改革模式及效果研究

近年来,我国上海、北京海淀区、苏州、潍坊、青岛、无锡等地率先进行了公立医院治理机制改革的尝试,通过建立不同性质的中间机构来理顺政府和公立医院之间的委托代理关系.分析我国公立医院治理机制改革的不同模式以及政府治理机制改革对公立医院行为和政府监管效力的影响.     

知情同意在我国临床医疗中的实施

知情同意在我国至少已倡导与实践了20年,由伦理要求上升到法律准则无疑是一个跨越式的进步。当前,医院落实知情同意的实践滞后于患者要求,除了主观方面的原因外,客观上存在知情同意与保护性医疗,病人自主权与医生处置权、医学对疾病的已知与未知等诸多盾与难点。要使知情同意在我国临床医疗中真正落实尚有许多工作要做;提高医务人员尊重病人权利的意识;完善执行知情同意的方式与程序;细化与知情同意的实施原则;营造良好的社会氛围,探索非西方环境下知情同意实现途径。     

Suicidality,Self‐Harm,and Body Dissatisfaction in Transgender Adolescents and Emerging Adults with Gender Dysphoria

Prevalence of suicide attempts, self‐injurious behaviors, and associated psychosocial factors were examined in a clinical sample of transgender (TG) adolescents and emerging adults (n = 96). Twenty‐seven (30.3%) TG youth reported a history of at least one suicide attempt and 40 (41.8%) reported a history of self‐injurious behaviors. There was a higher frequency of suicide attempts in TG youth with a desire for weight change, and more female‐to‐male youth reported a history of suicide attempts and self‐harm behaviors than male‐to‐female youth. Findings indicate that this population is at a high risk for psychiatric comorbidities and life‐threatening behaviors.     

Treating the Capability for Suicide: A Vital and Understudied Frontier in Suicide Prevention

Current efforts at suicide prevention center largely on reducing suicidal desire among individuals hospitalized for suicidality or being treated for related psychopathology. Such efforts have yielded evidence‐based treatments, and yet the national suicide rate has continued to climb. We propose that this disconnect is heavily influenced by an unmet need to consider population‐level interventions aimed at reducing the capability for suicide. Drawing on lessons learned from other public health phenomena that have seen drastic declines in frequency in recent decades (HIV, lung cancer, motor vehicle accidents), we propose that current suicidality treatment efforts trail current suicidality theories in their lack of focus on the extent to which individuals thinking about suicide are capable of transitioning from ideation to attempt. We summarize extant evidence for specific capability‐centered approaches (e.g., means safety) and propose other options for improving our ability to address this largely overlooked variable. We also note that population‐level approaches in this regard would represent an important opportunity to decrease risk in individuals who either lack access to evidence‐based care or underreport suicidal ideation, as a reduced capability for suicide would theoretically diminish the potency of suicidal desire and, in this sense, lower the odds of a transition from ideation to attempt.     

父母婚姻冲突与初中生学业倦怠的关系:共同教养的中介作用

本研究基于家庭系统论的溢出假说,以376名初中生作为被试,采用父母婚姻冲突问卷、学业倦怠问卷和父母共同教养问卷,探讨父母婚姻冲突、父母共同教养对初中生学业倦怠的影响及其作用机制。研究结果发现：（1）父母婚姻冲突中的冲突频率、冲突强度因子与学业倦怠呈显著正相关,不支持型父母共同教养与学业倦怠呈显著正相关,支持型父母共同教养与学业倦怠呈显著负相关;父母婚姻冲突与不支持型父母共同教养呈显著正相关,婚姻冲突较高的父母在共同教养中表现出更多不支持的教养行为;（2）不支持型父母共同教养作为单独变量在父母婚姻冲突与学业倦怠之间起完全中介作用。     

医学教育思想变革要顺应新的医学模式转变

医学模式是一种医学教育观念、教育方法、管理方式和医学人才教育的基础,顺应新的医学模式转变是医学教育改革成功的前提。搞好医学教育改革应变革旧的思想观念,适应现代社会发展对医学提出的更高要求,改变生物医学模式下的“病”与“人”的分离,重视生物致病因素,忽视心理、社会因素对健康的影响等缺陷。     

“有声有色”的触觉体验：来自多感觉通道整合的线索

虚拟现实技术通过提供视觉、听觉和触觉等信息为用户创造身临其境的感知体验, 其中触觉反馈面临诸多技术瓶颈使得虚拟现实中的自然交互受限。基于多感官错觉的伪触觉技术可以借助其他通道的信息强化和丰富触觉感受, 是目前虚拟现实环境中优化触觉体验的有效途径。本文聚焦于触觉中最重要的维度之一——粗糙度, 试图为解决虚拟现实中触觉反馈的受限问题提供新思路。探讨了粗糙度感知中, 视、听、触多感觉通道整合的关系, 分析了视觉线索(表面纹理密度、表面光影、控制显示比)和听觉线索(音调/频率、响度)如何影响触觉粗糙度感知, 总结了当下调控这些因素来改变粗糙度感知的方法。最后, 探讨了使用伪触觉反馈技术时, 虚拟现实环境中视、听、触觉信息在呈现效果、感知整合等方面与真实世界相比可能存在的差异, 提出可借鉴的改善触觉体验的适用方法和未来待研究的方向。     

大学生人格与手机依赖的关系：压力感知的中介与性别的调节作用

为探讨压力感知在大学生人格与手机依赖关系中的中介作用以及性别在压力感知和手机依赖之间的调节作用,本研究采用青少年有问题手机使用自评问卷、中国大五人格问卷简版和大学生压力量表对1478名大学生施测。结果发现,神经质、开放性正向预测大学生的压力感知和手机依赖;宜人性负向预测压力感知和手机依赖;压力感知在神经质、宜人性、开放性影响手机依赖间起中介效应;性别调节神经质-压力感知-手机依赖这一中介效应的后半段路径。结果表明,降低压力感知水平可减少神经质大学生的手机依赖,且这一影响对男生更显著。     

Stigma,Attitudes, and Help‐Seeking Intentions for Psychological Problems in Relation to Regional Suicide Rates

In this ecological study, we investigated whether help‐seeking related to stigma, intentions, and attitudes toward suicide are associated with the suicide rates of 20 regions within the Netherlands and Belgium. Significant associations were found between regional suicide rates and the intention to seek informal help (β = ?1.47, p = .001), self‐stigma (β = 1.33, p = .038), and shame (β = .71, p = .030). The association between self‐stigma and suicide rate was mediated by intentions to seek informal help. These results suggest that to promote suicide prevention at the level of the regional population, stigma, shame, and intentions to seek help should be targeted in the public domain.