Involuntary strategy-dependent dual task performance

Previous studies showed that some dual tasks can be performed simultaneously without costs. Yet, a variable SOA between the inputs to such tasks leads to strategic, often involuntary, prioritization of one of the two tasks. Here we explore the boundary conditions for this involuntary or exogenous strategy. In Experiment 1, subjects were initially trained on dual task performance where the input to the two tasks is presented simultaneously (0 SOA). We used two tasks that under such conditions can be performed without costs and indeed subjects displayed perfect sharing of the tasks. Subjects then performed the same two tasks but with a variable SOA (0, 50, 150, 800?ms). This manipulation led to a serial-like performance of the two tasks even in trials with 0 SOA. In Experiment 2, subjects participated in eight sessions. Within each session, they performed in alternation blocks with a fixed 0 SOA and blocks with a variable SOA. Subjects displayed perfect sharing in the pure 0 SOA blocks but performed the two tasks serially in the mixed SOA blocks despite receiving identical instructions. These findings demonstrate that task context is a powerful factor in dual task performance and may lead subjects to involuntarily exhibit dual task costs even in conditions where they can perform the tasks without any costs. Moreover, these findings strongly suggest that costs observed in PRP studies reflect the use of such exogenous strategies rather than a general structural dual task limitation.     

Motivations for Self‐Injury,Affect, and Impulsivity: A Comparison of Individuals with Current Self‐Injury to Individuals with a History of Self‐Injury

Individuals who report nonsuicidal self‐injury (NSSI) are characterized by the tendency to act rashly while experiencing distress (negative urgency), the tendency to act without thinking, and endorsement of both social and affect regulation motives for the behavior. However, very little research has identified characteristics that distinguish current self‐injurers from those with a history of the behavior. The purpose of this study was to compare individuals with current self‐injury to a history of self‐injury on impulsivity‐related personality traits, motives for self‐injury, and distress. Among a sample of 429 undergraduates, 120 reported self‐injury. Among these 120 individuals, 33 endorsed self‐injury within the past month, with a mean frequency of 4.77 acts of NSSI. Within the self‐injury group, current self‐injurers reported higher endorsement of affect regulation motives for NSSI, and higher levels of current negative affect than individuals with a history of self‐injury. There were no differences between current and former self‐injurers on measures of impulsivity, endorsement of social motives for NSSI, or positive affect. We propose that individuals who use NSSI to regulate negative affect may be more likely to repeatedly engage in this behavior over time.     

粘连性小肠梗阻发病机制与预防进展

腹部手术后,机体在修复过程中会产生一系列生物化学与细胞学反应,导致腹腔粘连形成.尽管粘连形成具有一定保护性意义,但是粘连也是导致术后小肠梗阻的最主要病因.研究发现,纤维素沉积与降解之间的平衡关系,对于粘连性小肠梗阻的发病机制起着重要作用.     

"EQ"在医学科研工作中的重要性

结合医学工作实际,讨论EQ(情商)的意义,医学工作者在开展科研工作过程中,能否做出成绩,能否成功均与其EQ之高低有密切关系,可以说情绪智商与情绪能力是制约医学工作者工作业绩的重要因素之一.基于上述认识,提醒医学工作者,在具备天生的IQ(智商)后,要注意对自己的EQ多加培养,以便在医学科研工作中能做出更大成绩.     

On the Gendered Nature of Mobile Phone Culture in Israel

Data from surveys and personal interviews were used to analyze gendered patterns and contexts of the mobile phone use of Israelis. The findings suggest that the mobile phone has become an everyday, highly regarded, multipurpose interpersonal communication device rather than a working tool. Both men and women discussed their perceptions of the role of the mobile phone in their lives in quite a traditional gendered manner—activity and technological appropriation for men and dependency and domesticity for women. At the same time, the actual phoning habits and attitudes of users point to a pattern of domestication of the mobile phone and even feminization of its consumption.     

La compréhension d’un scénario médical à partir d’images sans texte : l’apport des représentations sociales

In this study, participants (n = 125) were shown a sequence of four images illustrating the medication scenario. Depending on the results of a pre-test (n = 384), the sequence is composed of typical images, non-typical images or mixed. Depending on the case, the instructions given to the participants are neutral, or it induces the representation of the drug. Participants must identify the scenario described in the sequence of images proposed to them. The sequence of typical images gives rise to the better identification. The mixed sequence gives rise to comparable scores following non-typical images when the instruction is neutral and to comparable scores following typical images when the instruction induces the representation of the drug.     

企业员工对团队领导的信任结构研究——基于IT企业团队的研究

基于IT企业任务复杂度和合作需求较高的现状,加强团队内信任成为管理中的一个重点。本研究在Mayer和Mcknight的信任模型基础上对IT企业员工的组织信任结构进行分析。对四家IT公司239人进行问卷调查,并用Amos5．0进行分析后得到拟合度良好的模型结构,结果显示：①个体信任倾向对员工信任意向的影响不显著;②个体信任倾向影响员工对领导的可信任性感知和基于企业制度的信任;③基于制度的信任显著影响对领导的可信任性感知,但是对信任意向的影响不显著;④对领导的可信任性感知显著影响个体的信任意向;⑤卷入度在基于制度的信任和对领导的可信任性感知之间起缓冲作用。     

Self-regulatory strategy and executive control: implementation intentions modulate task switching and Simon task performance

Two tasks where failures of cognitive control are especially prevalent are task-switching and spatial Simon task paradigms. Both tasks require considerable strategic control for the participant to avoid the costs associated with switching tasks (task-switching paradigm) and to minimize the influence of spatial location (Simon task). In the current study, we assessed whether the use of a self-regulatory strategy known as "implementation intentions" would have any beneficial effects on performance in each of these task domains. Forming an implementation intention (i.e., an if-then plan) is a self-regulatory strategy in which a mental link is created between a pre-specified future cue and a desired goal-directed response, resulting in facilitated goal attainment (Gollwitzer in European Review of Social Psychology, 4, 141-185, 1993, American Psychologist, 54, 493-503, 1999). In Experiment 1, forming implementation intentions in the context of a task-switching paradigm led to a reduction in switch costs. In Experiment 2, forming implementation intentions reduced the effects of spatial location in a Simon task for the stimulus specified in the implementation intention. Results supported the prediction that the need for high levels of cognitive control can be alleviated to some degree by making if-then plans that specify how one responds to that critical stimuli.