Н.П.奥格辽夫是革命民主主义者和战斗的唯物主义者

苏联人民确实以自己过去的伟大革命、多世纪的丰富的文化和哲学领域中的牢固的唯物主义传统为自豪。尼古拉·普拉诺维奇·奥格辽夫(1813-1877年)——十九世纪俄罗斯革命民主主义者、哲学唯物主义者、政论家、诗人,——和别林斯基和赫尔岑、车尔尼雪夫斯基和杜勃罗留波夫同列为革命俄罗斯的杰出代表。 (?).奥格辽夫是属于贵族革命家一代的人物。从青年时起,他就站在反对专制制度和农奴制度、为人民的自由而斗争的道路上。奥格辽夫在俄国反农奴制运动发展的影响下,在自己的思想发展过程中,从贵族的革命者成为农民革命民主主义者、农奴制农民利益的捍卫者。奥格辽夫和赫尔岑一样,是逃避检查的俄罗斯民主主义刊物(如“北极     

资本主义下的异化问题

资本主义对个性产生影响的中心问题是异化现象。异化是一种体验方式,在这种体验中个人觉得自己是一个外人,或如人们说的他变得和自己疏远起来。他体验不到自己是自我世界的中心、自己行动的创造者——而他的行动和行动的结果却变成了     

整块并行分布处理与认知科学的计算主义基础

60年代后期,心灵哲学家(或译心智哲学家)之间曾有一场大争论,关涉哥德尔定理的不可判定命题是否为下述结论提供了很好的理由的问题:人脑在计算上天生地强于任何从原则上说可以构造出来的机械的(即非人类的)计算自动机。应予注意的是:这场争论产生于这样的时刻,当时人们公认计算自动机的具体例证是冯·诺意曼型的串行的,顺序操作的数字计算机。如今,W.D.希利斯(Hillis)已经发明一种具有完全相异结构的计算自动机,即所谓的“连接机”     

评П.Н.费多谢耶夫的《哲学和科学认识》

费多谢耶夫院士的这部新著,是《科学、世界观和生活》丛书之一。它阐明了可以揭示哲学在世界观中的作用的许多问题。正如本书序言所表明的,作者的出发点是:马列主义哲学是关于自然和社会发展规律的科学认识的一般理论基础和方法论基础,是形成先进的唯物主义世界观和积极的生活     

俄国哲学的本质和主题

当我们谈到“俄国哲学”时,我们必须首先更确切地界定“哲学”通常意味着什么,以及这个概念在什么意义上被使用。当然,“哲学”——或者勿宁说,以通常的具有学派倾向的、系统的形式出现的哲学著作(在西方,这是哲学的标准表现方式)在俄国存在过并存在着。     

The role of visual information in control of a constrained locomotor task

The nature of visually guided locomotion was examined in an experiment where subjects had to walk to targets under various conditions. Target distance was manipulated so that subjects had to (a) lengthen their paces in order to hit the target; (b) shorten their paces; (c) make no adjustments to their standard pace length at all. They did this under four visual conditions: (a) normal vision; (b) with vision restricted to a "snapshot" each time the foot that was to be placed on the target was on the ground; (c) with a snapshot each time the foot to be placed was in the swing phase; and (d) no vision after departure fro the target. The results show that the subjects succeed in reaching the target in most cases. However, the smoothness and fluidity of their movements vary significantly between conditions. Under normal vision or where visual snapshots are delivered when the pointing foot is on the ground, locomotion is smoothly regulated as the subjects approach the target. where snapshots are delivered when the pointing foot is in the swing phase, regulation becomes clumsy and ill coordinated. Where no vision is available at all during the approach, adjustments are made, but these are least coordinated of all. The results show that well-coordinated visual regulation does not require continuous visual guidance but depends on intermittent information being available at the appropriate times in the action sequence. Such timing is often more important than the total amount of information that is available for guidance.     

Moral Judgment in Extreme Social Contexts: Soldiers Who Refuse to Fight and Physicians Who Strike?1

This paper compares two examples of moral action within extreme social contexts: the refusal of Israeli reserve soldiers to perform their military service during the war in Lebanon (1982–1983), and the refusal of Israeli physicians to provide medical care during a “labor war”, that is a strike. This paper examines the cognitive developmental premise that with an increase in the actors' stage of moral development there will be a greater consistency between hypothetical and actual moral reasoning (Kohlberg, 1984). Blasi's (1983) concept of personal integrity, that is, the consistency between the actors' judgment concerning the morality of an action and the action that was actually performed, is examined as well. The findings show that the “refusing” soldiers manifested stage consistency in their action, whereas the physicians failed to justify their action in line with their moral competence. Whereas the soldiers viewed their action as highly moral, the physicians viewed their strike action as unfortunate but necessary. The motivation of the two groups of actors to act in line with their behavioral choices is discussed.     

出生次序与发散性思维

本研究以大量智力超群和智力一般的儿童(N=234)为被试,采用五个发散性思维测验和用于考察出生次序与兄弟姐妹人数、性别、年龄之相互作用的多变量分析方法,探讨了出生次序和创造力之间的关系.