Stimulus control of delayed matching in pigeons: Directed forgetting

Pigeons were trained in delayed matching-to-sample with two postsample stimuli. A postsample R-cue signaled that a matching choice phase would follow. A postsample F-cue signaled that a matching choice phase would not follow. Previous research found reduced matching accuracy on F-cued probe trials when comparison stimuli were presented in the choice phase. The present four experiments systematically varied the events following an F-cue to determine the conditions under which the F-cue reduces delayed-matching accuracy. When F-cues and R-cues controlled different behavior, matching on probe trials was poor. When both cues controlled the same behavior, matching on probe trials was good. This result is best explained by the theory that comparison stimuli retrieve the sample representation, but only in the behavioral context established by the R-cue. The present research supports the view that response-produced stimuli serve a contextual role in animal short-term memory.     

The effects of modifying consummatory behavior on the topography of the autoshaped pecking response in pigeons

The autoshaped responses of two debeaked pigeons that had developed modified eating behavior were compared to the autoshaped responses of three control subjects that ate grain normally. The control subjects exhibited keylight responding that was judged normal by two independent raters. The debeaked subjects pecked the key and ate grain with both normal and modified responses. The results of this study demostrate that an autoshaping procedure using grain as an appetitive stimulus may be used to establish a response that is not biologically preorganized.     

Duration-reduction of avoidance sessions as negative reinforcement

Five rats were exposed to a shock-postponement procedure in which responses on each of two levers initially had equivalent effects. After an initial training sequence that ensured at least some responding on each lever, an additional consequence was made conjointly operative on the previously less-preferred lever for each animal. Each response on this lever continued to postpone shock, but also reduced the session duration by one minute. The conjoint contingencies were operative until, through session-shortening responses and the passage of time, the session was scheduled to end in two minutes; during the final two minutes the session-shortening contingency was disabled while the shock-postponement contingency continued to be operative on both levers. When responding shifted to a predominance on the session-shortening lever, the conjoint contingency was shifted to the other lever; for four of the five rats this reversal was followed by two additional reversals. Two of the rats' responding showed clear, strong, and unambiguous sensitivity to the session-shortening contingency. The responding of two others was also systematically controlled by that contingency, but the effects were less clearcut. The fifth animal showed an initial shift when session-shortening was introduced, but its subsequent behavior proved insensitive to reversals of procedure. The results clearly indicate a sensitivity of behavior to events on a time scale quite distinct from that of immediate consequences. They also support an interpretation of avoidance sessions, considered in their entirety, as events whose contingent relationship to behavior can affect that behavior—even in the absence of stimuli that delineate those relationships. Finally, these results support an interpretation of aversively based conditioning within a broader context, analogous to the “open versus closed economy” interpretation of appetitively controlled behavior.     

辩证唯物主义的对象及其定义

现在我们联系整个马列主义哲学的对象的定义来研究辩证唯物主义的对象的定义问题。不能把一定数量的定义的并存看作是哲学知识的科学性不足的标志。凡是研究结构复杂的客体的理论科学都会有这种情形。列宁在摘录黑格尔的《逻辑学》时指出:“定义可能有许多,因为对象有许多方面”,接着,他引用黑格尔的话:“被下定义的对象愈丰富,也就是说,它     

马克思对黑格尔的批判的批判:通过社会劳动的综合

马克思在巴黎时期(1844年)的经济学—哲学手稿的最后一章中研究了《精神现象学》;特别是它的最后一章——绝对知识。马克思采取的方法是把现象的意识阐述从同一哲学的框框中解脱出来,以便阐明隐藏在同一哲学中的、往往已经“远远超过黑格尔观点”的批判要素。他在这里涉及到《全书》第381和第384节,在这两节中完成了从自然哲学向精神哲学的     

GPS,一个模拟人类思惟的程序

GPS 是 General Problem Solver(通用问题解决者)的缩写,是一个计算机程序的名称。GPS 是用来探讨人工智能的一个重要手段,同时,它的各种变式也对人在解决问题时的思惟进行了模拟。GPS(以及在它之前的 Logic Thcory Machine,简称 LT 程序)的建立,标志着对思惟心理学的研究从传统的实验心理学方法跨入了信息加工的领域,用信息加工的观点和方法来探讨人的思惟行为。它为思惟心理学的研究,开拓了更广阔的前景。本文主要讨论 GPS 对人解决问题时的思惟行为的模拟,讨论人的思惟的心理学问题。     

《哥达纲领批判》对发展共产主义社会理论的意义

在科学共产主义发展史上,《哥达纲领批判》是《共产党宣言》和《资本论》之后最重要的里程碑。马克思和恩格斯通过预言共产主义社会形态的形成、本质和两个发展阶段,丰富了马克思主义。对于理解社会主义和共产主义的辩证法来说,《哥达纲领批判》是科学共产主义创始人最重要的著作。借助于历史唯物主义的一般社会理论和方法,尤其是关于社会经济形态的学说,马克思和恩格斯在科学共产主义形成时期就已经指出,从工人阶级的阶级斗争和解     

论黑格尔美学中艺术与哲学的相互关系

艺术和哲学是社会意识和人的认识活动的形式,它们的相互关系问题,在社会的社会政治发展和精神发展的当前阶段上,具有特殊的迫切性。这一点既与艺术本身中所发生的过程(艺术的对象方面的复杂化和扩大化,艺术的精神形象因素和形式构成因素中的重要变化)有关系,又与在社会的精神生活中、在人的认识活动过程的结构中普遍的剧烈变化有关系。同时,关于艺术和哲学、艺术意识和哲学意识的相互关系问题,在哲学思想史和美学思想史中永远占有重要的位置。我们可以从人类精神文化发展的最早时代开始,来探究一下哲学家     

海德格尔论痛苦

人们除了一般地从科学上把痛苦理解为一种特殊感觉方式以外,也曾经从哲学上对痛苦加以解释。海德格尔则没有研究科学治疗学对痛苦的说明,也没有研究痛苦对哲学伦理学可能有的贡献。他研究痛苦完全遵循着现象学的方法:他关注的是,在痛苦中,通过痛苦,什么呈现在人前,使什么变得更为清楚明显了。本文目的就是阐述并详细说明这一方法。但事先要提醒一下,海德格尔在哪儿也没有提出过关于痛苦的系统论述。在我们所能得到的他的所有著作中,都找不到他对痛苦的详细分析。他对痛苦的主要陈述凑在一起,也不     

《列宁的辩证法和实证主义的形而上学》一书结束语

当列宁在《哲学笔记》中尖锐而又十分明确地表达他对唯物辩证法的明快简练的观点时,这些观点决不只是(甚至可以说不是)作为他重新批判性地研究黑格尔著作的结论加以表述的,而是(甚至首先是)他在哲学领域中多年斗争的结果。这种斗争是他为反对马赫主义者、“主观社会学”的拥护者、“合法马克思主义者”以及把马克思主义思想僵化的教条主义等倾向而不得不进行的。这些倾向在第二国际的理论家中间(特别是在普列汉诺夫及其学生那里)表现得十分明显。