评П.Н.费多谢耶夫的《哲学和科学认识》

费多谢耶夫院士的这部新著,是《科学、世界观和生活》丛书之一。它阐明了可以揭示哲学在世界观中的作用的许多问题。正如本书序言所表明的,作者的出发点是:马列主义哲学是关于自然和社会发展规律的科学认识的一般理论基础和方法论基础,是形成先进的唯物主义世界观和积极的生活     

俄国哲学的本质和主题

当我们谈到“俄国哲学”时,我们必须首先更确切地界定“哲学”通常意味着什么,以及这个概念在什么意义上被使用。当然,“哲学”——或者勿宁说,以通常的具有学派倾向的、系统的形式出现的哲学著作(在西方,这是哲学的标准表现方式)在俄国存在过并存在着。     

Role of visual information in ball catching

The present study is concerned with the perceptual information about the body and space underlying the act of catching a ball. In a series of four experiments, subjects were asked to catch a luminous ball under various visual conditions. In general, catching in a normally illuminated room was contrasted with catching the luminous ball in an otherwise completely dark room. In the third and fourth experiments, intermediate conditions of visual information were included. The results suggest that it is possible to catch a ball with one hand when only the ball is visible, but performance is better when the subject has the benefit of a rich visual environment and two hands. The second experiment indicated that subject performance does improve with practice in the dark, but time spent in the darkened room itself doesn't result in a significant decrement in performance. Results of the third study suggest that vision of one's hand does not aid in the performance of this task whereas the presence of a minimal visual frame appears to aid performance. The final study examined the relation between catching performance and body sway under similar visual conditions. Results of this experiment imply that persons who exhibit relatively little postural sway in full-room lighting performed better at this catching task.     

The role of visual information in control of a constrained locomotor task

The nature of visually guided locomotion was examined in an experiment where subjects had to walk to targets under various conditions. Target distance was manipulated so that subjects had to (a) lengthen their paces in order to hit the target; (b) shorten their paces; (c) make no adjustments to their standard pace length at all. They did this under four visual conditions: (a) normal vision; (b) with vision restricted to a "snapshot" each time the foot that was to be placed on the target was on the ground; (c) with a snapshot each time the foot to be placed was in the swing phase; and (d) no vision after departure fro the target. The results show that the subjects succeed in reaching the target in most cases. However, the smoothness and fluidity of their movements vary significantly between conditions. Under normal vision or where visual snapshots are delivered when the pointing foot is on the ground, locomotion is smoothly regulated as the subjects approach the target. where snapshots are delivered when the pointing foot is in the swing phase, regulation becomes clumsy and ill coordinated. Where no vision is available at all during the approach, adjustments are made, but these are least coordinated of all. The results show that well-coordinated visual regulation does not require continuous visual guidance but depends on intermittent information being available at the appropriate times in the action sequence. Such timing is often more important than the total amount of information that is available for guidance.     

出生次序与发散性思维

本研究以大量智力超群和智力一般的儿童(N=234)为被试,采用五个发散性思维测验和用于考察出生次序与兄弟姐妹人数、性别、年龄之相互作用的多变量分析方法,探讨了出生次序和创造力之间的关系.     

天才大脑机制的神经学研究

天才是指那些在创造力和技巧方面有特殊才能或倾向,以及具有非凡成就的极少数个体。人们认为天才的最普遍特征是智商(IQ)高,创造力强,并有强烈的动机感(承担任务)。本文对目前有关智能及创造力的脑研究知识作一个综述,包括脑电波(EEG)的生理测量,脑功率谱分析,大脑诱发电位和阳离子发射层面x射线照相术,并考虑了现存的矛盾、争议、正式假说和研究中的争端问题。我们特别对脑电波动力学的确定性功能加以阐述,提出了一个天才认知组织和大脑加工过程层次的混沌模型。     

身体姿式在表义方面的跨文化研究

在两项研究中,我们检验了用以判断姿式的维度结构的跨文化的适用性。在研究一中,686名日本被试用16个在意义上相差5个点的量表项目对40种姿式的表达进行了评定。被试在假设的双重情景中推断出一个编码人对自身(即对被试解码)的态度。一个主要成分的因素分析为三个独立的维度提供了证据,这三个独立维度与施洛斯伯格(1954)、奥斯古德(1966)和威廉姆斯与桑德恩(1965)所提出的类似。这三种因素被称为自我满足因素、人际间的积极因素和人际意识因素。在研究二中,336个日本学生用16个相差5个点的项目对40种姿式表达再度进行了评定,但对假设的编码人的身份试图加以控制。这项研究基本上重复了研究一的结果。有趣的是虽然我们发现了与西方所做的研究中相同的因素,但在我们的研究中,因素的顺序与以前的研究正好相反。本文对这些发现在维持人类关系中根据所提出的文化差异进行了讨论。