我们争论的是什么?(代结束语)

我不想涉及过去对我的文章的各种反应的全部内容,只想就述评的某些地方做些简要的答复,这些地方我认为需要加以解释。 1.我一再特别强调:我所捍卫的按照从抽象上升到具体的方法来叙述辩证法的命题并不是我提     

新托马斯主义批判

天主教教会及其意识形态特征对新托马斯主义哲学进行考察,必须先简略分析天主教教会在当今世界上的地位及其意识形态的一些特征。十九世纪后半叶,天主教教会从封建制度和君主制政体的卫士,变为反对工人阶级运动、反对社会主义、维护资产阶级的一种武器。天主教教会是教权主义运动中的一支极其强     

辩证逻辑

黑格尔对形式逻辑和辩证逻辑的看法辩证逻辑是德国哲学家黑格尔在十九世纪初引入的哲学术语。这个术语是他用来称呼自己关于一切“自然和精神事物”发展的规律的唯心主义学说的,又同被他作了歪曲解释的形式逻辑直接地对立起来。他正确地指出了他那个时代哲学理论的弊病之一,就是思维的规律和形式被形而上学地看作为某种一成不变的东西。其实,受工业生产的进步所制约的自然科学的发展已经表明,形而上学和它的     

Time-series analysis in operant research

A time-series method is presented, nontechnically, for analysis of data generated in individual-subject operant studies, and is recommended as a supplement to visual analysis of behavior change in reversal or multiple-baseline experiments. The method can be used to identify three kinds of statistically significant behavior change: (a) changes in score levels from one experimental phase to another, (b) reliable upward or downward trends in scores, and (c) changes in trends between phases. The detection of, and reliance on, serial dependency (autocorrelation among temporally adjacent scores) in individual-subject behavioral scores is emphasized. Examples of published data from the operant literature are used to illustrate the time-series method.     

The Zax Information Profile: a measure of college adjustment

Evaluated the effectiveness of the Zax Information Profile (ZIP), a personality test based on general fund of information, in discriminating between college students who sought mental health services and those who did not, Three successive classes of freshmen students at the Eastman School of Music of the University of Rochester were administered the ZIP. Help-seeking students were matched with non-help-seeking students for sex, age, and intellectual ability. The hypothesis that ZIP scores would differentiate between these two groups was supported by the data. The potential use of the ZIP as a predictor of college adjustment and as a useful entrance screening device was discussed.     

Clock control of human performance on avoidance and fixed-interval schedules

The avoidance and fixed-interval performances of human subjects were studied in two experiments. Addition of time-correlated stimuli (added clock) improved behavioral efficiency, since response rates decreased without decreases in reinforcement rates. Response-dependent display of the clock maintained a second, observing response and reductions in clock duration weakened such observing behavior. Generally, the reinforcing properties of the clock were more apparent with the avoidance than with the fixed-interval schedule, a finding attributed to temporal cues already provided by delivery of the fixed-interval reinforcers. Reduced rates of the main response when the clock was dependent on an observing response were more than offset by rates of the observing response in the majority of subjects. Thus, the results do not support an interpretation of the reinforcing properties of added clocks simply in terms of work reduction.     

Food deliveries during the pause on fixed-interval schedules

Pigeons were trained on fixed-interval schedules of food delivery. In Experiments I and II, the fixed interval was initiated by the previous fixed-interval reinforcer; in Experiment III, the fixed interval was initiated by the first key peck following the preceding fixed-interval reinforcer (a chain fixed-ratio one, fixed-interval schedule). During the postreinforcement pause, variable-time schedules delivered food independent of any specific response. Rate of food delivery during the pause had only small effects on pause duration in Experiments I and II. In Experiment III, however, pause duration increased systematically with the rate of food delivery during the pause. These data suggest that the momentary proximity to reinforcement delivered via the fixed-interval schedule exerts potent control over pause termination. Additional analysis revealed that pause termination was unaffected by the intermittent delivery of food during the pause. Such data suggest that the temporal control by fixed-interval schedules is highly resistant to interference.     

指南是怎样制定的?

最近在制定临床实践指南的方法上发生了一些变化,这深刻地影响着医学保健的质量和成本,远远超过前后10年所有新出现的诊疗手段的作用.人们预期,制定指南方法的改变影响着指南的内容,进而对未来几十年中成千上万的临床决策发挥指导作用.目前,制定指南的方法所经历的改变代表了医学赖以存在的知识基础发生了变化.