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991.
Despite earlier scepticism there is now evidence for simple forms of intentional and functionally referential communication
in many animal species. Here we investigate whether dogs engage in functional referential communication with their owners.
“Showing” is defined as a communicative action consisting of both a directional component related to an external target and
an attention-getting component that directs the attention of the perceiver to the informer or sender. In our experimental
situation dogs witness the hiding of a piece of food (or a favourite toy) which they cannot get access to. We asked whether
dogs would engage in “showing” in the presence of their owner. To control for the motivational effects of both the owner and
the food on the dogs’ behaviour, control observations were also staged where only the food (or the toy) or the owner was present.
Dogs’ gazing frequency at both the food (toy) and the owner was greater when only one of these was present. In other words,
dogs looked more frequently at their owner when the food (toy) was present, and they looked more at the location of the food
(toy) when the owner was present. When both the food (toy) and the owner were present a new behaviour, “gaze alternation”,
emerged which was defined as changing the direction of the gaze from the location of the food (toy) to looking at the owner
(or vice versa) within 2 s. Vocalisations that occurred in this phase were always associated with gazing at the owner or the
location of the food. This behaviour, which was specific to this situation, has also been described in chimpanzees, a gorilla
and humans, and has often been interpreted as a form of functionally referential communication. Based on our observations
we argue that dogs might be able to engage in functionally referential communication with their owner, and their behaviour
could be described as a form of “showing”. The contribution of domestication and individual learning to the well-developed
communicative skills in dogs is discussed and will be the subject of further studies.
Received: 3 April 2000 / Accepted after revision: 2 September 2000 相似文献
992.
Brian A. O’Shea PhD Jeffrey J. Glenn PhD Alexander J. Millner PhD Bethany A. Teachman PhD Matthew K. Nock PhD 《Suicide & life-threatening behavior》2020,50(5):1065-1074
The Death/Suicide Implicit Association Test (IAT) is effective at detecting and prospectively predicting suicidal thoughts and behaviors. However, traditional IAT scoring procedures used in all prior studies (i.e., D-scores) provide an aggregate score that is inherently relative, obfuscating the separate associations (i.e., “Me = Death/Suicide,” “Me = Life”) that might be most relevant for understanding suicide-related implicit cognition. Here, we decompose the D-scores and validate a new analytic technique called the Decomposed D-scores (“DD-scores”) that creates separate scores for each category (“Me,” “Not Me”) in the IAT. Across large online volunteer samples (N > 12,000), results consistently showed that a weakened association between “Me = Life” is more strongly predictive of having a history of suicidal attempts than is a stronger association between “Me = Death/Suicide.” These findings replicated across three different versions of the IAT and were observed when calculated using both reaction times and error rates. However, among those who previously attempted suicide, a strengthened association between “Me = Death” is more strongly predictive of the recency of a suicide attempt. These results suggest that decomposing traditional IAT D-scores can offer new insights into the mental associations that may underlie clinical phenomena and may help to improve the prediction, and ultimately the prevention, of these clinical outcomes. 相似文献
993.
Howard Joshua L. Gagné Marylène Van den Broeck Anja Guay Frédéric Chatzisarantis Nikos Ntoumanis Nikos Pelletier Luc G. 《Motivation and emotion》2020,44(4):534-548
Motivation and Emotion - Self-determination Theory differentiates various types of motivation, each of which have different consequences for well-being and behavior. Despite broad agreement... 相似文献
994.
995.
Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences - This paper aims to conceptualize the phenomenology of attentional experience as ‘embodied attention.’ Current psychological research, in... 相似文献
996.
Theresa A. Morgan Kristy Dalrymple Catherine D’Avanzato Sarah Zimage Caroline Balling Madeline Ward Mark Zimmerman 《Behavior Therapy》2021,52(2):272-285
Multiple challenges exist integrating research into clinical practice, particularly in acute care settings where randomized controlled trials may be impractical or unethical. Partial or day hospitals are one such setting. As compared to outpatients and inpatients, relatively little research is conducted or reported in partial hospital program (PHP) patients, leaving providers in this setting without a solid empirical basis from which to draw. We report treatment outcomes and patient satisfaction from the first 750 patients enrolled in a clinical research PHP utilizing the acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) treatment model. ACT is a well-established, transdiagnostic behavior therapy. However, to date no study has examined the use of ACT in acute day hospitals. We hypothesized that applying ACT with this patient group would result in significantly improved depression, anxiety, functioning, and quality of life from intake to discharge. We additionally expected that patients would report high satisfaction with ACT treatment groups. Patients (n = 750 full sample, n = 518 completed treatment) completed daily measures of symptoms, functioning, and ACT processes at intake and discharge, and postgroup satisfaction surveys. Results showed significant improvements in symptoms and impairment. ACT process variables also increased over the course of treatment. Importantly, patient satisfaction was high for all groups. Thus, ACT provides an appropriate, flexible, effective, and satisfactory model for this patient group. A comparison of our findings using ACT to the limited research using other models in PHP settings is discussed, as well as challenges in the overall process of integrating research into routine clinical care. 相似文献
997.
Philosophical Studies - The many-property problem has traditionally been taken to show that the adverbial theory of perception is untenable. This paper first shows that several widely accepted... 相似文献
998.
O’Dor S. L. Washburn J. Howard K. R. Reinecke M. A. 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2021,49(11):1489-1501
Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology - This study investigated pretreatment variables associated with depression severity in adolescents following maintenance treatment for major... 相似文献
999.
Alison M. O’Connor Karen L. Campbell 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2021,28(2):184-200
ABSTRACT There is mixed evidence on the impact of delay task difficulty on prospective memory (PM) performance and little research has examined this among older adults. The present study examined younger (N = 60) and older (N = 57) adults’ prospective memory (PM) performance after completing an easy or difficult Raven’s matrices task. To assess whether delay difficulty impacted how often participants thought about their PM intention, participants were asked to report on what they thought about during the delay task itself and retrospectively after all tasks were completed. Younger adults outperformed older adults on the PM task; however, delay task difficulty had no impact PM for either age group. Reports of thinking about the intention during the delay task differed by age group depending whether they were online or retrospective, however, overall greater reports of thinking about the intention was positively associated with PM performance. 相似文献
1000.
Paul Henne Kevin O’Neill Paul Bello Sangeet Khemlani Felipe De Brigard 《Cognitive Science》2021,45(1):e12931
People more frequently select norm-violating factors, relative to norm-conforming ones, as the cause of some outcome. Until recently, this abnormal-selection effect has been studied using retrospective vignette-based paradigms. We use a novel set of video stimuli to investigate this effect for prospective causal judgments—that is, judgments about the cause of some future outcome. Four experiments show that people more frequently select norm-violating factors, relative to norm-conforming ones, as the cause of some future outcome. We show that the abnormal-selection effects are not primarily explained by the perception of agency (Experiment 4). We discuss these results in relation to recent efforts to model causal judgment. 相似文献