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971.
Nicholas A. Cummings Janet L. Cummings William O’Donohue 《Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy》2009,39(1):7-15
Psychology has been fractionated from mainstream healthcare delivery and this schism has resulted in huge costs to psychologists and our intended customers. Psychology has also been naïve economically. The authors suggest three revolutions: (1) for clinical psychology to be better integrated into the healthcare delivery system; (2) for psychologists to better understand healthcare economics and business; and (3) for psychologists to become more entrepreneurial, i.e., see needs in healthcare (such as those of the elderly, obesity, improved access and value through ehealth) and systematically fill these. We note high quality businesses help many individuals (customers, family members, employees) not typically recognized by anti-business psychologists. 相似文献
972.
Frédérique de Vignemont 《Philosophical Studies》2009,144(3):457-466
The philosophical world is indebted to Alvin Goldman for a number of reasons, and among them, his defense of the relevance
of cognitive science for philosophy of mind. In Simulating minds, Goldman discusses with great care and subtlety a wide variety of experimental results related to mindreading from cognitive
neuroscience, cognitive psychology, social psychology and developmental psychology. No philosopher has done more to display
the resourcefulness of mental simulation. I am sympathetic with much of the general direction of Goldman’s theory. I agree
with him that mindreading is not a single system based on a single mechanism. And I admire his attempt to bring together the
cognitive neuroscientific discovery of mirror system phenomena and the philosophical account of pretense within a unique theoretical
framework of mental simulation. To do so, Goldman distinguishes two types of mindreading, respectively, based on low-level
and high-level simulation. Yet, I wonder in what sense they are really two distinct processes. Here, I will confine myself
largely to spelling out a series of points that take issue with the distinction between low-level and high-level mindreading. 相似文献
973.
Deductive inference is usually regarded as being “tautological” or “analytical”: the information conveyed by the conclusion
is contained in the information conveyed by the premises. This idea, however, clashes with the undecidability of first-order
logic and with the (likely) intractability of Boolean logic. In this article, we address the problem both from the semantic
and the proof-theoretical point of view. We propose a hierarchy of propositional logics that are all tractable (i.e. decidable
in polynomial time), although by means of growing computational resources, and converge towards classical propositional logic.
The underlying claim is that this hierarchy can be used to represent increasing levels of “depth” or “informativeness” of
Boolean reasoning. Special attention is paid to the most basic logic in this hierarchy, the pure “intelim logic”, which satisfies
all the requirements of a natural deduction system (allowing both introduction and elimination rules for each logical operator)
while admitting of a feasible (quadratic) decision procedure. We argue that this logic is “analytic” in a particularly strict
sense, in that it rules out any use of “virtual information”, which is chiefly responsible for the combinatorial explosion
of standard classical systems. As a result, analyticity and tractability are reconciled and growing degrees of computational
complexity are associated with the depth at which the use of virtual information is allowed. 相似文献
974.
975.
Brian M. D’Onofrio Jackson A. Goodnight Carol A. Van Hulle Joseph Lee Rodgers Paul J. Rathouz Irwin D. Waldman Benjamin B. Lahey 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(3):415-429
The study presents a quasi-experimental analysis of data on 9,194 offspring (ages 4–11 years old) of women from a nationally
representative U.S. sample of households to test the causal hypotheses about the association between family income and childhood
conduct problems (CPs). Comparison of unrelated individuals in the sample indicated a robust inverse association, with the
relation being larger at higher levels of income and for male offspring, even when statistical covariates were included to
account for measured confounds that distinguish different families. Offspring also were compared to their siblings and cousins
who were exposed to different levels of family income in childhood to rule out unmeasured environmental and genetic factors
confounded with family income as explanations for the association. In these within-family analyses, boys exposed to lower
family income still exhibited significantly higher levels of CPs. When considered in the context of previous studies using
different designs, these results support the inference that family income influences CPs, particularly in males, through causal
environmental processes specifically related to earnings within the nuclear family.
This research was supported by grant R01-MH070025 to Benjamin B. Lahey. The research was approved by the Institutional Review
Board at Indiana University.
Resubmitted to the Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology on April 21, 2008 and October 20, 2008. 相似文献
976.
Three experiments re-investigated selective attention in the ‘ring-cueing’ paradigm of Egly and Homa (J Exp Psychol: Human
Percept Perform 10:778–793, 1984). Observers were cued to attend to one of three concentric rings of radius 1°, 2°, or 3°, and their signal detection accuracy
for cued and uncued rings was measured. Experiment 1, which used a central color cue to indicate a like-colored ring, replicated
ring-cueing effects along the lines of Egly and Homa. Experiments 2 and 3 examined whether these effects were produced by
observers exploiting secondary-depth cues possibly inherent in the display layout. With color cues, the availability of secondary-depth
information had no influence on the ring-cueing effects. However, making the rings monochrome and using central size cues
significantly reduced the ring-cueing effects when the depth information was disrupted. The results suggest that selection
was object-based, operating on a spatial ‘grouped-array’ representation of the cued ring made salient by color- or depth-based
segmentation mechanisms.
相似文献
Hermann J. MüllerEmail: |
977.
A qualitative study using field-based methods examined motivations for participation in collegiate team sports, the psychological and emotional rewards of team membership, and the dynamics of relationships with teammates among male athletes. Previous cross-disciplinary research largely reinforces clear and consistent gender differences within communal and agentic domains. In-depth, oral bibliographic interviews with 11 varsity athletes from basketball and soccer teams were conducted at a university in the USA. Participants spoke freely about multiple dimensions of their experiences as athletes—experiences frequently dichotomized by researchers as masculine or feminine. Analyses document that male athletes rated the importance of interpersonal and emotional relationships with teammates as valuably as they did instrumental needs. Results are discussed in terms of cultural imperatives that polarize domains presumed to be highly gender based and sex-segregated. 相似文献
978.
James O’Higgins-Norman 《Sexuality & culture》2009,13(1):1-16
This paper outlines research that was conducted among students, parents, teachers and senior management teams in five high
schools in the Greater Dublin area of Ireland. The research involved semi-structured interviews and observations. The findings
of this research are significant in that it was the first time any data was gathered on this topic directly from those within
the school system. Overall, the qualitative nature of the data allowed us to obtain an insight into how students, parents,
teachers and senior management teams understand and experience homophobic bullying in their schools. The data from this study
shows that the impact of not having a mainstream approach to sexual orientation within schools results in fear, negative stereotypes,
and worse still discriminatory and bullying behaviour. 相似文献
979.
980.
Sonja Engmann Bernard M. ’t Hart Thomas Sieren Selim Onat Peter König Wolfgang Einhäuser 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2009,71(6):1337-1352
In natural vision, shifts in spatial attention are associated with shifts of gaze. Computational models of such overt attention typically use the concept of a saliency map: Normalized maps of center-surround differences are computed for individual stimulus features and added linearly to obtain the saliency map. Although the predictions of such models correlate with fixated locations better than chance, their mechanistic assumptions are less well investigated. Here, we tested one key assumption: Do the effects of different features add linearly or according to a max-type of interaction? We measured the eye position of observers viewing natural stimuli whose luminance contrast and/or color contrast (saturation) increased gradually toward one side. We found that these feature gradients biased fixations toward regions of high contrasts. When two contrast gradients (color and luminance) were superimposed, linear summation of their individual effects predicted their combined effect. This demonstrated that the interaction of color and luminance contrast with respect to human overt attention is—irrespective of the precise model—consistent with the assumption of linearity, but not with a max-type interaction of these features. 相似文献