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61.
In the Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998) involving race classification (white vs. black),
an apparent compatibility effect is found between the “pleasant” attribute and the “white” category. This race IAT effect
has been interpreted in terms of “implicit prejudice”—that is, more positive evaluation of whites than of blacks that is not
open to consciousness. We suggested instead that the race IAT effect is better interpreted in terms of the salience asymmetry
account proposed by Rothermund and Wentura (2004), whereby greater familiarity with the white category makes it more salient.
Evidence that has been presented against the familiarity interpretation is considered, and alternative interpretations of
findings related to the race IAT effect are discussed. 相似文献
62.
Transient hippocampal down-regulation of Kv1.1 subunit mRNA during associative learning in rats
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Kourrich S Manrique C Salin P Mourre C 《Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)》2005,12(5):511-519
Voltage-gated potassium channels (Kv) are critically involved in learning and memory processes. It is not known, however, whether the expression of the Kv1.1 subunit, constituting Kv1 channels, can be specifically regulated in brain areas important for learning and memory processing. Radioactive in situ hybridization was used to evaluate the content of Kv1.1 α-subunit mRNA in the olfactory bulb, ventral, and dorsal hippocampus at different stages of an odor-discrimination associative task in rats. Naive, conditioned, and pseudoconditioned animals were sacrificed at different times either prior to a two-odor significance learning or after odor discrimination was established. Important decreases of Kv1.1 mRNA levels were transiently observed in the ventral hippocampus before successful learning when compared with the pseudoconditioned group. Moreover, temporal group analysis showed significant labeling alterations in the hippocampus of conditioned and pseudoconditioned groups throughout the training. Finally, Kv1.1 mRNA levels in the hippocampus were positively correlated with odor-reward association learning in rats that were beginning to discriminate between odors. These findings indicate that the Kv1.1 subunit is transiently down-regulated in the early stages of learning and suggest that Kv1 channel expression regulation is critical for the modification of neuronal substrates underlying new information acquisition. 相似文献
63.
Fos protein expression in olfactory-related brain areas after learning and after reactivation of a slowly acquired olfactory discrimination task in the rat
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Roullet F Liénard F Datiche F Cattarelli M 《Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)》2005,12(3):307-317
Fos protein immunodetection was used to investigate the neuronal activation elicited in some olfactory-related areas after either learning of an olfactory discrimination task or its reactivation 10 d later. Trained rats (T) progressively acquired the association between one odor of a pair and water-reward in a four-arm maze. Two groups of pseudotrained rats were used: PO rats were not water restricted and were submitted to the olfactory stimuli in the maze without any reinforcement, whereas PW rats were water-deprived and systematically received water in the maze without any odorous stimulation. When the discrimination task was well mastered, a significantly lower Fos immunoreactivity was observed in T rats compared to PW and PO rats in most of the analyzed brain areas, which could reflect the post-acquisition consolidation process. Following memory reactivation, differences in Fos immunoreactivity between trained and some pseudotrained rats were found in the anterior part of piriform cortex, CA3, and orbitofrontal cortex. We also observed that Fos labeling was significantly higher in trained rats after memory reactivation than after acquisition of the olfactory task in most of the brain areas examined. Our results support the assumption of a differential involvement of neuronal networks after either learning or reactivation of an olfactory discrimination task. 相似文献
64.
Background: To introduce a person with multiple disabilities to a microswitch-aided program, one has to select a plausible response(s),
that is, a response(s) that can be performed reliably and without excessive effort by the person and can successfully activate
the microswitch(es) available (producing preferred stimuli). This paper provides an overview of the responses adopted for
microswitch activation in research studies during the last 20 years. Method: Computerized and manual searches were carried out to identify the studies published between 1986 and 2005. Forty-eight research
studies were identified. They concerned the use of (1) a single (typical) response, (2) a single (non-typical) response, (3)
multiple (typical and non-typical) responses, and (4) multiple (vocal) responses. Results and discussion: The results showed that 151 of the 190 participants involved in the studies had a positive outcome (i.e., clear increases
in their responding, which suggested that they had learned the association between responding and consequent preferred stimuli).
Failures were largely concentrated in the first group of studies. The discussion focused on (a) the importance of selecting
plausible responses for increasing the chances of success, (b) the need of non-typical responses for persons with minimal
motor behavior, (c) implications of programs with multiple responses on engagement and choice, and (d) relevance of using
vocal utterances. Some suggestions for future research concerning these points were also examined. 相似文献
65.
Abstract-Examining the receptive fields of brain signals can elucidate how information impinging on the former modulates the latter. We applied this time-honored approach in early vision to the higher-level brain processes underlying face categorizations. Electroencephalograms in response to face-information samples were recorded while observers resolved two different categorizations (gender, expressive or not). Using a method with low bias and low variance, we compared, in a common space of information states, the information determining behavior (accuracy and reaction time) with the information that modulates emergent brain signals associated with early face encoding and later category decision. Our results provide a time line for face processing in which selective attention to diagnostic information for categorizing stimuli (the eyes and their second-order relationships in gender categorization; the mouth in expressive-or-not categorization) correlates with late electrophysiological (P300) activity, whereas early face-sensitive occipito-temporal (N170) activity is mainly driven by the contralateral eye, irrespective of the categorization task. 相似文献
66.
The present study examined whether or not the extent to which people include other group members in the self, influences depersonalized
self-perception (i.e., perceiving self and others as similar in terms of group characteristics). The results revealed that
self-other merging positively influenced feelings of belongingness and identification with the in-group. Furthermore, a strong
experience of self-other merging was shown to lead to depersonalized self-perception as measured by a self-assimilation and
an in-group homogeneity index. Finally, results also revealed that feelings of belongingness and group identification mediated,
at least partly, the effect of self-other merging on depersonalized self-perception. The findings are discussed in light of
the literature on self-expansion. 相似文献
67.
Neurophysiological experiments with monkeys have demonstrated that working memory (WM) is associated with persistent neural
activity in multiple brain regions, such as the prefrontal cortex (PFC), the parietal cortex, and posterior unimodal association
areas. WM maintenance is believed to require the coordination of these brain regions, which do not function in isolation but,
rather, interact to maintain visual percepts that are no longer present in the environment. However, single-unit physiology
studies and traditional univariate analyses of functional brain imaging data cannot evaluate interactions between distant
brain regions, and so evidence of regional integration during WM maintenance is largely indirect. In this study, we utilized
a recently developed multivariate analysis method that allows us to explore functional connectivity between brain regions
during the distinct stages of a delayed face recognition task. To characterize the neural network mediating the on-line maintenance
of faces, the fusiform face area (FFA) was defined as a seed and was then used to generate whole-brain correlation maps. A
random effects analysis of the correlation data revealed a network of brain regions exhibiting significant correlations with
the FFA seed during the WM delay period. This maintenance network included the dorsolateral and ventrolateral PFC, the premotor
cortex, the intraparietal sulcus, the caudate nucleus, the thalamus, the hippocampus, and occipitotemporal regions. These
findings support the notion that the coordinated functional interaction between nodes of a widely distributed network underlies
the active maintenance of a perceptual representation. 相似文献
68.
Freyd and Tversky's [Am. J. Psychol. 97 (1984) 109] data suggested that human observers tend to overestimate relatively high levels of symmetry (symmetry effect), and tend to underestimate relatively low levels of symmetry (asymmetry effect). However, on the basis of their holographic approach to visual regularity, van der Helm and Leeuwenberg [Psychol. Rev. 103(3) (1996) 429] predicted that, at any level of symmetry, both symmetry and asymmetry effects may occur as a consequence of correct estimates of symmetry-to-noise ratios. This prediction was tested in two experiments, with tasks and stimuli similar to those in Freyd and Tversky's study. First, subjects had to judge whether a noisy symmetry is more similar to a slightly more symmetrical variant or to a slightly less symmetrical variant. Second, for every pair of stimuli in such a triadic comparison, subjects had to judge which stimulus is the more symmetrical one. The results from both experiments show that the occurrence of (a)symmetry effects indeed depends on symmetry-to-noise ratios. 相似文献
69.
Lip reading is the ability to partially understand speech by looking at the speaker's lips. It improves the intelligibility of speech in noise when audio-visual perception is compared with audio-only perception. A recent set of experiments showed that seeing the speaker's lips also enhances sensitivity to acoustic information, decreasing the auditory detection threshold of speech embedded in noise [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 109 (2001) 2272; J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 108 (2000) 1197]. However, detection is different from comprehension, and it remains to be seen whether improved sensitivity also results in an intelligibility gain in audio-visual speech perception. In this work, we use an original paradigm to show that seeing the speaker's lips enables the listener to hear better and hence to understand better. The audio-visual stimuli used here could not be differentiated by lip reading per se since they contained exactly the same lip gesture matched with different compatible speech sounds. Nevertheless, the noise-masked stimuli were more intelligible in the audio-visual condition than in the audio-only condition due to the contribution of visual information to the extraction of acoustic cues. Replacing the lip gesture by a non-speech visual input with exactly the same time course, providing the same temporal cues for extraction, removed the intelligibility benefit. This early contribution to audio-visual speech identification is discussed in relationships with recent neurophysiological data on audio-visual perception. 相似文献
70.
A large sex difference has been elicited on the Vandenberg-Kuse mental rotation test. Prior research emphasizes the biological root of this sex difference. In recent experiments we confirmed this viewpoint. A large sample was administered the test, and the distributions of scores for men and women (N = 138; 68 men and 70 women: ages 19 to 23 years). The mean scores were used as cut-off points to group the men and the women in different subgroups (Low/Women, High/Women, Low/Men, High/Men). There were large differences among all subgroups, reinforcing Kimura's testosterone hypothesis for sex differences in spatial ability. 相似文献