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51.
Fos protein expression in olfactory-related brain areas after learning and after reactivation of a slowly acquired olfactory discrimination task in the rat 下载免费PDF全文
Roullet F Liénard F Datiche F Cattarelli M 《Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)》2005,12(3):307-317
Fos protein immunodetection was used to investigate the neuronal activation elicited in some olfactory-related areas after either learning of an olfactory discrimination task or its reactivation 10 d later. Trained rats (T) progressively acquired the association between one odor of a pair and water-reward in a four-arm maze. Two groups of pseudotrained rats were used: PO rats were not water restricted and were submitted to the olfactory stimuli in the maze without any reinforcement, whereas PW rats were water-deprived and systematically received water in the maze without any odorous stimulation. When the discrimination task was well mastered, a significantly lower Fos immunoreactivity was observed in T rats compared to PW and PO rats in most of the analyzed brain areas, which could reflect the post-acquisition consolidation process. Following memory reactivation, differences in Fos immunoreactivity between trained and some pseudotrained rats were found in the anterior part of piriform cortex, CA3, and orbitofrontal cortex. We also observed that Fos labeling was significantly higher in trained rats after memory reactivation than after acquisition of the olfactory task in most of the brain areas examined. Our results support the assumption of a differential involvement of neuronal networks after either learning or reactivation of an olfactory discrimination task. 相似文献
52.
Background: To introduce a person with multiple disabilities to a microswitch-aided program, one has to select a plausible response(s),
that is, a response(s) that can be performed reliably and without excessive effort by the person and can successfully activate
the microswitch(es) available (producing preferred stimuli). This paper provides an overview of the responses adopted for
microswitch activation in research studies during the last 20 years. Method: Computerized and manual searches were carried out to identify the studies published between 1986 and 2005. Forty-eight research
studies were identified. They concerned the use of (1) a single (typical) response, (2) a single (non-typical) response, (3)
multiple (typical and non-typical) responses, and (4) multiple (vocal) responses. Results and discussion: The results showed that 151 of the 190 participants involved in the studies had a positive outcome (i.e., clear increases
in their responding, which suggested that they had learned the association between responding and consequent preferred stimuli).
Failures were largely concentrated in the first group of studies. The discussion focused on (a) the importance of selecting
plausible responses for increasing the chances of success, (b) the need of non-typical responses for persons with minimal
motor behavior, (c) implications of programs with multiple responses on engagement and choice, and (d) relevance of using
vocal utterances. Some suggestions for future research concerning these points were also examined. 相似文献
53.
Abstract-Examining the receptive fields of brain signals can elucidate how information impinging on the former modulates the latter. We applied this time-honored approach in early vision to the higher-level brain processes underlying face categorizations. Electroencephalograms in response to face-information samples were recorded while observers resolved two different categorizations (gender, expressive or not). Using a method with low bias and low variance, we compared, in a common space of information states, the information determining behavior (accuracy and reaction time) with the information that modulates emergent brain signals associated with early face encoding and later category decision. Our results provide a time line for face processing in which selective attention to diagnostic information for categorizing stimuli (the eyes and their second-order relationships in gender categorization; the mouth in expressive-or-not categorization) correlates with late electrophysiological (P300) activity, whereas early face-sensitive occipito-temporal (N170) activity is mainly driven by the contralateral eye, irrespective of the categorization task. 相似文献
54.
The present study examined whether or not the extent to which people include other group members in the self, influences depersonalized
self-perception (i.e., perceiving self and others as similar in terms of group characteristics). The results revealed that
self-other merging positively influenced feelings of belongingness and identification with the in-group. Furthermore, a strong
experience of self-other merging was shown to lead to depersonalized self-perception as measured by a self-assimilation and
an in-group homogeneity index. Finally, results also revealed that feelings of belongingness and group identification mediated,
at least partly, the effect of self-other merging on depersonalized self-perception. The findings are discussed in light of
the literature on self-expansion. 相似文献
55.
Neurophysiological experiments with monkeys have demonstrated that working memory (WM) is associated with persistent neural
activity in multiple brain regions, such as the prefrontal cortex (PFC), the parietal cortex, and posterior unimodal association
areas. WM maintenance is believed to require the coordination of these brain regions, which do not function in isolation but,
rather, interact to maintain visual percepts that are no longer present in the environment. However, single-unit physiology
studies and traditional univariate analyses of functional brain imaging data cannot evaluate interactions between distant
brain regions, and so evidence of regional integration during WM maintenance is largely indirect. In this study, we utilized
a recently developed multivariate analysis method that allows us to explore functional connectivity between brain regions
during the distinct stages of a delayed face recognition task. To characterize the neural network mediating the on-line maintenance
of faces, the fusiform face area (FFA) was defined as a seed and was then used to generate whole-brain correlation maps. A
random effects analysis of the correlation data revealed a network of brain regions exhibiting significant correlations with
the FFA seed during the WM delay period. This maintenance network included the dorsolateral and ventrolateral PFC, the premotor
cortex, the intraparietal sulcus, the caudate nucleus, the thalamus, the hippocampus, and occipitotemporal regions. These
findings support the notion that the coordinated functional interaction between nodes of a widely distributed network underlies
the active maintenance of a perceptual representation. 相似文献
56.
Freyd and Tversky's [Am. J. Psychol. 97 (1984) 109] data suggested that human observers tend to overestimate relatively high levels of symmetry (symmetry effect), and tend to underestimate relatively low levels of symmetry (asymmetry effect). However, on the basis of their holographic approach to visual regularity, van der Helm and Leeuwenberg [Psychol. Rev. 103(3) (1996) 429] predicted that, at any level of symmetry, both symmetry and asymmetry effects may occur as a consequence of correct estimates of symmetry-to-noise ratios. This prediction was tested in two experiments, with tasks and stimuli similar to those in Freyd and Tversky's study. First, subjects had to judge whether a noisy symmetry is more similar to a slightly more symmetrical variant or to a slightly less symmetrical variant. Second, for every pair of stimuli in such a triadic comparison, subjects had to judge which stimulus is the more symmetrical one. The results from both experiments show that the occurrence of (a)symmetry effects indeed depends on symmetry-to-noise ratios. 相似文献
57.
Lip reading is the ability to partially understand speech by looking at the speaker's lips. It improves the intelligibility of speech in noise when audio-visual perception is compared with audio-only perception. A recent set of experiments showed that seeing the speaker's lips also enhances sensitivity to acoustic information, decreasing the auditory detection threshold of speech embedded in noise [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 109 (2001) 2272; J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 108 (2000) 1197]. However, detection is different from comprehension, and it remains to be seen whether improved sensitivity also results in an intelligibility gain in audio-visual speech perception. In this work, we use an original paradigm to show that seeing the speaker's lips enables the listener to hear better and hence to understand better. The audio-visual stimuli used here could not be differentiated by lip reading per se since they contained exactly the same lip gesture matched with different compatible speech sounds. Nevertheless, the noise-masked stimuli were more intelligible in the audio-visual condition than in the audio-only condition due to the contribution of visual information to the extraction of acoustic cues. Replacing the lip gesture by a non-speech visual input with exactly the same time course, providing the same temporal cues for extraction, removed the intelligibility benefit. This early contribution to audio-visual speech identification is discussed in relationships with recent neurophysiological data on audio-visual perception. 相似文献
58.
A large sex difference has been elicited on the Vandenberg-Kuse mental rotation test. Prior research emphasizes the biological root of this sex difference. In recent experiments we confirmed this viewpoint. A large sample was administered the test, and the distributions of scores for men and women (N = 138; 68 men and 70 women: ages 19 to 23 years). The mean scores were used as cut-off points to group the men and the women in different subgroups (Low/Women, High/Women, Low/Men, High/Men). There were large differences among all subgroups, reinforcing Kimura's testosterone hypothesis for sex differences in spatial ability. 相似文献
59.
Accountability and cooperation in social dilemmas: The influence of others’ reputational concerns 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
David?De?CremerEmail author Müriel?Barker 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2003,22(2):155-163
The present study examined the assumption that non-anonymous choices in social dilemmas (i.e., choices for which one is accountable)
may influence cooperation, but only to the extent that decision-makers believe that the others will evaluate non-cooperation
negatively. Based on a recent review by Kerr (1999), it was expected that under conditions of accountability, decision-makers
would cooperate more when they believed that the others within the group were also concerned about their social reputation
and therefore were aware of the social norm of cooperation within social dilemmas. As a consequence, it could be expected
that non-cooperation by oneself would be evaluated negatively by those others since they seemed to be aware of what ought
to be done in a social dilemma (i.e., the norm of cooperation). Results confirmed these predictions and, in addition, also
showed that greater willingness to cooperate was associated with stronger feelings of collective concern. The findings are
discussed in terms of recent literature on anonymity effects in social dilemmas.
This research was part of the second author's master thesis at Maastricht University. The first author was supported by a
fellowship of the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO, no. 016.005.019). 相似文献
60.
Anna?SzékelyEmail author Simonetta?D’Amico Antonella?Devescovi Kara?Federmeier Dan?Herron Gowri?Iyer Thomas?Jacobsen Elizabeth?Bates 《Behavior research methods》2003,35(4):621-633
Factors affecting word retrieval were compared in a timed picture-naming paradigm for 520 drawings of objects. In prior timed
and untimed studies by Snodgrass and Vanderwart (1980) and Snodgrass and Yuditsky (1996), concerns were raised that participants
could not reliably name large numbers of items in a single session. We show that reliable results are obtained in a single
session for 520 items and validate our method against previous findings by Snodgrass and colleagues for overlapping items.
For these items, comparable levels of name agreement and latency are obtained, and we replicate effects of length, frequency,
both objective and subjective age of acquisition, and visual complexity on reaction time (RT) and name agreement measures.
Name agreement is unaffected by order of presentation, although there is a gradual increase in RTs across the session, requiring
use of multiple random orders. Current extensions of our method include cross-linguistic, bilingual, developmental, and neuropsychological
studies and comparisons of action naming and object naming. 相似文献