多值逻辑内部的弗协调结构

在本文中,我们要区分出一些足以构造弗协调逻辑的多值逻辑的最低限度的函数方法,借此来确定作为片断而包含在弗协调逻辑内的多值逻辑这个极大的类。这样,就能够讨论多值逻辑内部的弗协调结构,就象大家讨论多值逻辑内部中的模态结构那样,而且还可表明:从多值逻辑中区分出的     

从控制论到认知科学

人工知能(AI)和大脑理论领域中提出的许多问题其实由来以久,本章的目的是简短地展现其部分历史渊源.第一部分题为1943年以前的道路,追述发生在1943年前的事;就在这一年发表了三篇非同凡响的论文:McCulloch 和 Pitts 提出神经网络的一种逻辑理论;Rosenbleuth、Wiener 和 Bigelow 断言,带反馈的机器富于目的性;而 Craik 把大脑模拟外界的能力视为智能产生之关键.第二部分题为控制论的确立和解体,表明控制论怎样从上述这些研究中脱颍而出,却仅孕育了许多分立的新兴学科——如人工智能、生物控制论、认知心理学以及神经模拟——它们各行其是;同时还表明大脑理论怎样崛起于此.第三部分随后描述 AI 与大脑理论的新联盟,它为解决四、五十年代控制论诸问题提供了新思路.我们首先概述在认知科学的旗帜下人工智能、认知心理学以及语言学的薪联盟.尔后探看人工智能与认知心理学研究者们对并行论的日益关注如何导致所谓“联结主义”或 PDP(并行分布处理)模式的发展.这种模式藉助大脑理论滋益了该联盟.     

The effects of violence on infants and young children: international perspectives on prevention

People become subject to political and social violence when governments fail to give priority to basic health care or education. Attempts to meet foreign obligations also produce severe economic recessions which further impede efforts to improve the general quality of life of disadvantaged populations. Since multiple factors contribute to violence, a multidisciplinary approach is best suited to address the problem. For example, poverty and its associated risks are linked to violence, but living in poverty does not necessarily engender violence. Living in poverty may, however, fuel high rates of child mortality, illiteracy, malnutrition, excessive population growth, street children, and familial disintegration. An integrated action program was developed in Brazil for at-risk individuals and their families based upon the idea of building and reinforcing family ties and intergenerational togetherness. Undernourished infants, street children, the handicapped, women subjected to violence, and neglected senior citizens received special interventions in the program described in the text.     

中国佛教协会第六届全国代表会议大会发言选刊

各位代表、各位同志: 中国佛教协会是全国各民族、各教派佛教徒共同的爱国组织,是团结、进步的组织。中国佛教协会高举爱国爱教的旗帜,维护信徒的合法权益,贯彻党和国家的宗教信仰自由政策,开展同各国佛教界人士的友好交往,做了大量的工作。在过去的四十年里,佛教界人士同信仰其他宗教的公民和不信仰宗教的公民同呼吸共命运,为祖国的繁荣富强作出了应有的贡献。     

重建权利和义务的平衡

以往我们过多地强调权利而忽视义务的教育使一些人错误地认为人们只有权利而不必尽义务。第二次世界大战后第二代人的一个代言人曾经提出一种新的、来自责任方面的自由,这种自由是指,人     

科学的统一

1.分类与系统论自有了科学以来,自有了欧洲哲学以来,人们就梦想着科学的统一,梦想着能有一个统一的科学体系。即使在科学哲学创立之前,希腊人的思想就发展到了这一步,即认为甚至科学和哲学也能构成一种哲学的统一。这种观点的影响早已烟消云散了。今天,在这种观点一度占支配地位的那些领域中,我们不断发现了一些未曾阐述清楚的经验关系和系统关系。我们不再讨论科学(与或不与哲学)的统一,而是讨论学科性、多学科性和学科间性,抚昔追今,我们所探讨的知识秩序已不再能用知识本     

Role of eye and hand initial position in the directional coding of reaching

To investigate the nature of the frames of reference used to control an arm movement aimed at a visual target, we studied the accuracy of movements differing by the initial arm and eye positions. The results support the assumption that in darkness target location is internally represented in an egocentric frame of reference. Furthermore, when movements carried out with and without eye saccade are compared, it appears that foveating the target changes the reference used to generate the reaching arm movements, that is, the oculocentric reference is replaced by a head-trunk reference. An explanation for this phenomenon could be that a steady body-related landmark is needed to insure stable registering of the target location in the surrounding space, despite displacement of the body segments with respect to one another.     

The interaction of criterion and feedback information in learning a drawing task

Experiments were designed to examine the influence of criterion and feedback information in the learning of a two-dimensional drawing task. Experiment 1 showed that when the task criterion is well known to the subject, the combined presentation of criterion information and information feedback facilitates the rate of acquisition of the skill but not its overall performance level of achievement. Experiment 2 showed that when the task criterion information is not well known to the subject, presentation of criterion information facilitates both the rate of acquisition and the overall performance level and, furthermore, is essential if configuration information feedback is to be utilized effectively. Experiment 3 showed that it is the combined presentation of criterion and configuration information feedback rather than the isolate presentation of either type of information alone, that facilitates learning and performance. Collectively, the findings from the three experiments suggest an interactive effect of prior knowledge by the learner and type of augmented information in facilitating the acquisition of skill, according to the constraints imposed in the task. The data are consistent with the proposal that the degrees of freedom in the information available to support motor skill learning must match the degrees of freedom to be constraint in the perceptual-motor workspace.