影响学习的动机过程

动机过程影响儿童对知识和技能的获得、迁移和使用,但与教育有关的动机概念仍难以捉摸。美国伊利诺斯大学心理学家C.S.Dweck利用社会-认知框架中的最新研究,描述了适应和适应不良动机模式,提出了一个以研究为基础的动机过程模型。这个模型表明儿童在认知任务中所追求的特定目标如何决定他们对成功和失败的反应、如何影响他们认知操作的质量。Dweck认为这种探索对改变适应不良动机过程的干预的设计和实践有重大意义。她根据这个模型解释了动机对数学成绩的性别差异的影响,她观察到以经验为基础的干预可以防止当前的这种成绩差异。     

The matching law applies to wagtails' foraging in the wild

Field data concerning the time budgets and foraging success of pied wagtails (Motacilla alba yarrelli, Gould) are reanalyzed. It is found that the data are well described by the generalized matching law, with a marked bias towards spending time on the territory. In this case matching is not the result of maximizing reward rate, but it remains possible that it results from an allocation of time that maximizes survival.     

Varying response-reinforcer contiguity in a recycling conjunctive schedule

Three experiments describe the effects of manipulating the frequency of response-reinforcer contiguity in a recycling conjunctive schedule. The schedule arranged that a reinforcer was delivered after 30 s provided at least one response had occurred; otherwise the next cycle started immediately. In Experiment 1, this schedule produced the typical pause–respond–pause pattern, with most responses at mid-interval; and, when a limited number of contiguities between responses and food delivery were added, the pattern became more like the monotonic scallop seen on fixed-interval schedules. In Experiment 2, the schedule was initially presented with an additional contingency that allowed contiguity on every trial. Fixed-interval-like behavior occurred and tended to persist as contiguities were gradually eliminated. In Experiment 3, the recycling conjunctive schedule alternated with a condition in which a large number of contiguities occurred. The pause–respond–pause pattern and fixed-interval-like performance occurred with few or many contiguities, respectively. The results of all three experiments illustrate how contiguity interacts with a small number of other variables to determine performance on interval schedules and illuminate previous findings with fixed-interval and fixed-time schedules.     

A note on modulations and structuring of locomotion in children and adults

The aim of this study was to investigate the modulations of locomotion induced by a rhythmic cognitive task (counting one's steps). Subjects (6- and 8-year-olds and adults) were requested to walk freely, and then to walk while counting their steps. Here a decrease in cadence values was observed in children only, with quasi-total repercussions on velocity at the age of 6 only. The spatiotemporal structuring of locomotion described here is already present at 6 years of age and is not altered in the step-counting situation: strong links were observed between cadence and velocity, and between stride length and velocity, and weak links between cadence and stride length.     

Ulysses contracts

ABSTRACT 'Ulysses contracts' are an instrument through which a psychiatric patient may prearrange involuntary commitments to be put into effect if the patient satisfies certain diagnostic criteria in the future. Proposals for Ulysses contracts typically impose numerous safeguards. This paper argues against the intuitively plausible safeguard which permits only presently remitted patients to contract. Instead of requiring a patient's remission, it is argued that the appropriate safeguard is the patient's ability, whether remitted or not, to offer good reasons for wishing to contract. In short, what matters is not an executive's character, but an executive's reasons, and a bad executive may have good reasons. Attempts to deny the accessibility of good reasons in unremitted patients are rejected on the ground that psychiatric diagnosis requires psychiatrists to be able to distinguish between good and bad reasons in both remitted and unremitted patients. If psychiatrists cannot do that, psychiatric diagnosis is impossible.     

The future of mothering: reproductive technology and feminist theory

An exploration of (I) alternative perspectives toward recent innovations in reproductive technology: support for new techniques for the sake of the kind of feminist future they facilitate; unqualified opposition despite therapeutic benefit to individual women; or qualified opposition depending upon specific threats to women's interests and (II) relationships between these positions and values bound up with mothering practices.     

劳动安全心理学的基本问题

社会主义社会对劳动保护一向给予应有的重视,从而能够有效地防止生产创伤的发生。为进一步减少生产创伤而挖掘潜力的一个方面,就是一定要研究在众多不幸事件的成因中占有相当比重的生产创伤的心理原因,这就需要把劳动安全心理学问题作为一个科学分支来进行研究,而建立这样一个科学分支本身就提出了很多问题。我们对于劳动安全心理学的理解最概括地说就是:“劳动安全心理是研究致创(创伤成     

人类的六项使命

1.行动时刻正如我不断重复的,一切都表明,人类体系已进入一个巨大的变革和转折的时期。从人类的黎明开始,危机和混乱在以前就发生过许多次了,虽然从来没有今天这样大的规模,其影响也不能同目前人类的飞速发展和进步的结果相比。但是,既然目前所发生的转折是史无前例的,因而我们比以往任何时候更不能预言实际上我们将会面临什么样的命运。而这一点是非常明显的:尽管人类陷入困境只能责怪自己,但它只有一个可以接受的拯救自己的抉择——勇敢地和客观地估量自己全面的处境,然后集中全力去寻找一个全新的行动方向,从而在今后能够支配自己所做的一切。     

苏联飞行员的心理选拔

苏联飞行员心理选拔工作,是从国内战争和外国武装干涉结束后开始的。红军领导人M.B.伏龙芝非常注意这个问题,他指出:“如果我们……把身体素质、心理方面不适于担任部队服务的人员编入空军,那么,实际上我们就很难使用这支战斗力量……这对于空军特别重要。空军对每一名飞行员都有一系列品质方面的要求,而这些品质并非所有的人都具备的。”