关于时间逻辑的研究

作为现代非经典逻辑分支的时间逻辑,是判断的一个公理化逻辑理论,这些判断是用命题表达的,而这些命题的真值将随着时间的推移而发生变化。时间逻辑的产生和形成是逻辑学发展的一个具体典范,它以新的方式丰富了逻辑学。这一对认识的理论方法的创新,是在概括总结全部科学成果和认识经验的基础上产生的,是符合辩证唯物主义的基本观点的。按照列宁的说法,逻辑是“各种科学的经验的总结”。人类社会在探索、实践和革命性地改造周围世界及自身中,从逻辑方法的发展     

The effects of violence on infants and young children: international perspectives on prevention

People become subject to political and social violence when governments fail to give priority to basic health care or education. Attempts to meet foreign obligations also produce severe economic recessions which further impede efforts to improve the general quality of life of disadvantaged populations. Since multiple factors contribute to violence, a multidisciplinary approach is best suited to address the problem. For example, poverty and its associated risks are linked to violence, but living in poverty does not necessarily engender violence. Living in poverty may, however, fuel high rates of child mortality, illiteracy, malnutrition, excessive population growth, street children, and familial disintegration. An integrated action program was developed in Brazil for at-risk individuals and their families based upon the idea of building and reinforcing family ties and intergenerational togetherness. Undernourished infants, street children, the handicapped, women subjected to violence, and neglected senior citizens received special interventions in the program described in the text.     

中国佛教协会第六届全国代表会议大会发言选刊

各位代表、各位同志: 中国佛教协会是全国各民族、各教派佛教徒共同的爱国组织,是团结、进步的组织。中国佛教协会高举爱国爱教的旗帜,维护信徒的合法权益,贯彻党和国家的宗教信仰自由政策,开展同各国佛教界人士的友好交往,做了大量的工作。在过去的四十年里,佛教界人士同信仰其他宗教的公民和不信仰宗教的公民同呼吸共命运,为祖国的繁荣富强作出了应有的贡献。     

重建权利和义务的平衡

以往我们过多地强调权利而忽视义务的教育使一些人错误地认为人们只有权利而不必尽义务。第二次世界大战后第二代人的一个代言人曾经提出一种新的、来自责任方面的自由,这种自由是指,人     

科学的统一

1.分类与系统论自有了科学以来,自有了欧洲哲学以来,人们就梦想着科学的统一,梦想着能有一个统一的科学体系。即使在科学哲学创立之前,希腊人的思想就发展到了这一步,即认为甚至科学和哲学也能构成一种哲学的统一。这种观点的影响早已烟消云散了。今天,在这种观点一度占支配地位的那些领域中,我们不断发现了一些未曾阐述清楚的经验关系和系统关系。我们不再讨论科学(与或不与哲学)的统一,而是讨论学科性、多学科性和学科间性,抚昔追今,我们所探讨的知识秩序已不再能用知识本     

Role of eye and hand initial position in the directional coding of reaching

To investigate the nature of the frames of reference used to control an arm movement aimed at a visual target, we studied the accuracy of movements differing by the initial arm and eye positions. The results support the assumption that in darkness target location is internally represented in an egocentric frame of reference. Furthermore, when movements carried out with and without eye saccade are compared, it appears that foveating the target changes the reference used to generate the reaching arm movements, that is, the oculocentric reference is replaced by a head-trunk reference. An explanation for this phenomenon could be that a steady body-related landmark is needed to insure stable registering of the target location in the surrounding space, despite displacement of the body segments with respect to one another.     

Harming future people

Hanser examines Derek Parfit's contention in his treatise on rationalism, Reasons and Persons (Oxford University Press; 1984) that acts that are not reproductive in nature can nonetheless predictably affect the identities of future people, and that this fact has unexpected and important consequences for ethical theory. Hanser argues tht this fact is not as significant as Parfit believes it to be. The arguments of both scholars concern the morality of choices that, while causing future persons to be badly off, do not make them worse off than they would have been if the choices had not been made. Hanser concludes his essay with a discussion of responsibility for acts that will affect the health of future offspring.     

Natural ways are better: Adolescents and the ‘anti-obesity’ gene

Empirical research with young people in Finland, Germany, Spain and Britain was carried out as part of the BIOCULT project funded by the European Union. The project focused on their attitudes to biotechnology and, in particular, the formation of arguments about risk and safety. This paper looks at the responses of 14–18 year olds to a story about the so called anti-obesity gene, in the form of advice to a friend who is taking it. The majority advised against taking it with some differences by gender and country. Most reservations were on grounds of safety and the feeling that ‘natural’ ways to lose weight are better: A minority questioned the idea of striving for a ‘perfect’ body. The types of arguments used by the young people reveal underlying perspectives on the place of human beings in the world and whether they have a right to manipulate nature and their own bodies. Marie Levitt is a sociologist with research interests in attitudes and values in relation to biotechnology, health and religion.     

Gender Differences in Intercepting A Moving Target by Using a Throw or Button Press

Humans are a throwing species just as much as a talking species (Calvin, 1982), but preadaptations for throwing remain largely unexplored. The ability of undergraduate students (N = 165) to intercept a stimulus with a thrown object was determined for 10 stimulus speeds, ranging from 2 to 5 m/s. The inclusion of a condition in which the moving stimulus was intercepted. via button press allowed the role of the perceptual aspect of velocity estimation to be evaluated separately from the act of throwing. Gender differences were observed in both the button and the throwing intercept tasks: The men had smaller timing errors and higher accuracy than the women. Contrary to expectations, the male and female patterns of intercept errors as a function of stimulus speed were more similar in the throwing task than in the button intercept task