艺术心理学的某些问题

艺术心理学的问题属于那些使心理学和美学彼此交叉的和二者相互联系的问题。这些问题很难解决,并且研究得很少。这两种科学之中究竟是哪一种首先对这些交叉问题的现状负责呢?研究这些问题中的主要作用究竟属于哪一种科学——属于心理学还是属于美学呢?那些纯方法论的见解要求承认,这种主要作用属于心理学。诚然,在心理学     

社会心理学论流行

一、什么是流行在我们的社会里,差不多在每个时期,都有时髦的服装、歌曲、体育、语言等等。所谓流行现象就是某种事物由于被人们采用而逐渐推广,生根以至消灭的一个过程。而这些事物能否成为流行现象,则取决于它能否满足下述的两个方面的条件:即流行项目的特点和它的普及现象。1.流行的特点所谓流行现象是从我们身上穿的衣服、装饰、化装、直至音乐、绘画、文学、科学、思想(把这些称作流行项目)为止,在生活的一切领域都能看到的,而且它们都是在某种意义上给予人们的所谓“新奇”“珍贵”的印象。这就是说,作为流行的     

少年对体育活动态度的心理特点

一般说来,体育活动是和发展一定的身体素质相联系的。它要求少年保持自己的体育锻炼,并普遍提高身体训练的水平。同时,体育活动还能发展一些最重要的个性心理品质,其中不仅有耐力、力量、速度和动作的灵活性、意志、勇敢、果断、顽强,而且还有创造性、集体主义、坚定的目的性。正因为如此,体育活动在少年期具有特别重要的作用和意义。需要把它作为方向性的建设来抓。     

给智力重新下定义

日本东京有一个特别的音乐教学大纲,规定儿童在6岁时用小提琴演奏维瓦尔第协奏曲,在10岁时演奏莫扎特作品,这时他们都还不知怎样读谱呢。在密克罗内西亚的加罗林群岛,一位帕罗威族小男孩,深夜解缆出海,应用他了解的关于波浪、风向和星星的知识,仅靠头脑中的地图进行观察,就可到达几百个小岛中的任何一个岛上。在波士顿,一个正在矫正阅读障碍的少年,竟编制了利用报上公布     

The timing of natural prehension movements

Prehension movements were studied by film in 7 adult subjects. Transportation of the hand to the target-object location had features very similar to any aiming arm movement, that is, it involved a fast-velocity initial phase and a low-velocity final phase. The peak velocity of the movement was highly correlated with its amplitude, although total movement duration tended to remain invariant when target distance was changed. The low-velocity phase consistently began after about 75% of movement time had elapsed. This ration was maintained for different movement amplitudes. Formation of the finger grip occurred during hand transportation. Fingers were first stretched and then began to close in anticipation to contact with the object. The onset of the closure phase was highly correlated to the beginning of the low velocity phase of transportation. This pattern for both transportation and finger grip formation was maintained in conditions whether visual feedback from the moving limb was present or not. Implications of these findings for the central programming of multisegmental movements are discussed.     

Job stress and job performance controversy: an empirical assessment

This study examined the relationship between job stress and employees' performance and withdrawal behavior among nurses (N = 440) in two hospitals in a metropolitan Canadian city on the east coast. Job stressors assessed included role ambiguity, role overload, role conflict, and resource inadequacy. Employees' performance was operationalized in terms of job performance, motivation, and patient care skill. Withdrawal behaviors assessed were absenteeism, tardiness, and anticipated turnover. Multiple regressions, curvilinear correlation coefficients, and canonical correlations were computed to test the nature of the relationship between stressors and the criterion variables of the study. In general, data were more supportive of the negative linear relationship between stress and performance than for positive linear or curvilinear relationship. However, the stressor role ambiguity did exhibit a monotonic nonlinear relationship with a number of criterion variables. Employees' professional and organizational commitment were proposed to moderate the stress-performance relationship. However, the data only partially supported the role of the moderators.     

Changing the response unit from a single peck to a fixed number of pecks in fixed-interval schedules

Each of three pigeons was studied first under a standard fixed-interval schedule. With the fixed interval held constant, the schedule was changed to a second-order schedule in which the response unit was the behavior on a small fixed-ratio schedule (first a fixed-ratio 10 and then a fixed-ratio 20 schedule). That is, every completion of the fixed-ratio schedule produced a 0.7-sec darkening of the key and reset the response count to zero for the next ratio. The first fixed-ratio completed after the fixed-interval schedule elapsed produced the 0.7-sec blackout followed immediately by food. These manipulations were carried out under two different fixed-interval durations for each bird ranging from 3 min to 12 min. The standard fixed-interval schedules produced the typical pause after reinforcement followed by responding at a moderate rate until the next reinforcement. The second-order schedules also engendered a pause after reinforcement, but responding occurred in bursts separated by brief pauses after each blackout. For a particular fixed-interval duration, post-reinforcement pauses increased slightly as the number of pecks in the response unit increased despite large differences in the rate and pattern of key pecking. Post-reinforcement pause increased with the fixed-interval duration under all response units. These data confirm that the allocation of time between pausing and responding is relatively independent of the rate and topography of responding after the pause.     

Good behavior game: effects of individual contingencies for group consequences on disruptive behavior in a classroom

Out-of-seat and talking-out behaviors were studied in a regular fourth-grade class that included several "problem children". After baseline rates of the inappropriate behaviors were obtained, the class was divided into two teams "to play a game". Each out-of-seat and talking-out response by an individual child resulted in a mark being placed on the chalkboard, which meant a possible loss of privileges by all members of the student's team. In this manner a contingency was arranged for the inappropriate behavior of each child while the consequence (possible loss of privileges) of the child's behavior was shared by all members of this team as a group. The privileges were events which are available in almost every classroom, such as extra recess, first to line up for lunch, time for special projects, stars and name tags, as well as winning the game. The individual contingencies for the group consequences were successfully applied first during math period and then during reading period. The experimental analysis involved elements of both reversal and multiple baseline designs.     

Stimulus control in the goldfish after massed extinction

Compared with the data of goldfish trained only with stimuli correlated with reinforcement, interspersed reinforcement-stimulus and extinction-stimulus trials resulted in sharper stimulus control and a marked reduction in the percentage of key-presses emitted in the presence of stimuli located near the extinction stimulus on the test dimension. If non-reinforced trials were not interspersed with reinforced trials, there was no sharpening of stimulus control and less reduction in key presses in the presence of stimuli near the extinction stimulus on the test dimension.     

伦理学的规范及其社会使命

苏联伦理学专业工作者在《高等学校马克思主义伦理学基础》教学大纲草案中,把马克思主义伦理学的规范问题作为一个专题进行了研究。可以说,它是当前苏联学术界对这一科学命题的各种看法的总结。马克思主义伦理学被理介为“关于道德发展的社会本质和规律性、关于共产主义道德形成的规律性、关于道德原别与道德规范和它在争取共产主义社会的斗争中的作用”的科学。对这一概念,肯定要做仔细的分析研究工作。这