指南是怎样制定的?

最近在制定临床实践指南的方法上发生了一些变化,这深刻地影响着医学保健的质量和成本,远远超过前后10年所有新出现的诊疗手段的作用.人们预期,制定指南方法的改变影响着指南的内容,进而对未来几十年中成千上万的临床决策发挥指导作用.目前,制定指南的方法所经历的改变代表了医学赖以存在的知识基础发生了变化.     

雅斯贝尔斯的海德格尔批判:思维的傲慢

一、比较方法的意义与界限假定一个人严肃地对待哲学,那么任何试图比较卡尔.雅斯贝尔斯与马丁.海德格尔的作法都难免显得十分可疑。也许,甚至将比较方法列入哲学工具之标准目录也显得可疑,但是,那些使用这种方法的人们却常为这种方法所提供的巨大的解释收益而辩护。当然,对于我     

苏联科学院的《哲学问题》杂志

中华人民共和国的各界人士对现代苏联社会生活各个领域中正在发生着的那些变化显然是有所了解的。苏共中央1985年4月全会的著名决议、苏共27大和苏共中央其他一些全会的文件提出了苏联发展的战略方针,苏共中央总书记M.C.戈尔巴乔夫在他的许多讲话中进一步阐发了这一战略方针。其中对苏联社会当前发展阶段的实质做了如下的理     

欧麦尔传略

先知穆罕默德归真后,在伊斯兰教旗帜下联合起来的阿拉伯人进入了一个新的发展时期。第一任哈里发艾布·伯克的功绩在于重新统一了阿拉伯半岛,并开拓了疆土。但艾布·伯克执政两年就归真了,继承这一伟大事业并使伊斯兰教发展成为一个国际性宗教的,是第二任哈里发欧麦尔。他为哈里发国家的巩固和发展做出了巨大的贡献。     

复仇

尔沃德的娘正在廚房里做胡桃杏仁点心饀兒,口里还低声哼着一支流行曲子,心里突然感到一种沈重的憂虑,她于是止住口里哼着的曲子,撩起衣角擦了擦手,走到院子里,在院里恐惧不安地轉来转去,不知怎样才好。院子里很靜,只有穿过庭心的一条淺水溝里發出微弱的流水声。这更使尔沃德的娘感到寂寞,感到需要有个人在身旁,像邻家的哈米德娘或是别的要好的姐妹們,她們每次来串门,閑扯一陣,或者说些故事,都会給尔沃德的娘帶来慰籍。尔沃德的娘既恐惧又寂寞,一个人在院子里直打轉兒,不知怎样才好。后来听到街門的鎖眼里有鑰匙轉动的声音,接着瞧見自己的丈夫——尔沃德     

同一的真与符合的真北大核心CSSCI

真之符合论指的是一个命题是真的,当且仅当它符合一个事实;真之同一论指的是一个命题是真的,当且仅当它是一个事实。真之符合论强调命题与事实的符合,真之同一论强调命题与事实的同一。一些真之同一论的倡导者同样是真之符合论的支持者,从一定意义上来讲,真之同一论是真之符合论的发展与简化。M.大卫对真之符合论和真之同一论做出了比较细致的分析,并且提出了一些十分有意义的看法。     

The perception of closed flat knots and completion by folding

The aim of the present research was to study a well-defined set of line drawings that have never been analyzed before, and that are perceived as closed flat knots (CFKs). These knots are obtained by folding two-dimensional laminae. From this study it emerged that the perception of CFKs is always accompanied by a type of amodal completion, which had not previously been studied, and which we have called "completion by folding". It occurs when three quadrilaterals are so arranged that they look like a sheet of paper folded around one of them, partly occluded and partly occluding. Two experiments were carried out on this phenomenon revealing that a three-level stratification is produced in the completion by folding that facilitates unification between occluded figures, even when current models do not foresee such a perceptual solution, either because the distance between the two figures that become a unit is too big (experiment ) or because the slope between the two figures is not favorable (experiment 2). A third experiment, which took up the problem of the perception of CFKs, revealed the following: (1) Besides the prototype CFK, obtained by the interlacing of a rectangular lamina, there is a theoretically infinite class of CFKs. (2) The drawing of all the possible closed flat knots involves geometrically precise rules. (3) Not all feasible knots with these rules are seen as such. (4) Only the knots with characteristics of alignment and regularity are recognized as knots. (5) The closed flat knots are seen as the result of a transformation which the figure undergoes. This evidence constitutes a remarkable perceptual problem, discussed with reference to the recent theories of amodal completion.     

Mathematics of forgiveness

This study was aimed at determining the integration rule--summation or averaging--underlying the forgiveness schema. The main reason for distinguishing between these structures is that they have very different practical implications regarding the influence of various factors specific to each case on the propensity to forgive. In a summative model, the impact of the different factors and the direction of the effects are constant. For example, the presence of apologies always is a positive element even when these apologies assume a very weak form. By contrast, in an averaging model, the apologies can be a positive or a negative element depending on the current level of propensity to forgive and the form of the apologies. Two experiments were conducted using the functional theory of cognition framework. Experiment 1 applied the missing information test. Experiment 2 applied the credibility of information test. In both experiments, clear evidence favored a summative rule for judging willingness to forgive from circumstantial information such as presence or absence of intent, presence of absence of apologies, and degree of cancellation of consequences.