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441.
Heavy-NP shift is the tendency for speakers to place long direct object phrases at the end of a clause rather than next to
the verb. Though some analyses have focused on length of the direct object phrase alone, results from two experiments demonstrate
that the length of the direct object relative to that of other phrases, and not the length of the direct object alone, predicts
production of the shifted structure. These data support an accessibility-based interpretation of length effects in word order
emerging from incremental production processes, in which longer phrases tend to be less easily planned and therefore are delayed
during utterance planning. 相似文献
442.
Cooper RM Bailey JE Diaper A Stirland R Renton LE Benton CP Penton-Voak IS Nutt DJ Munafo MR 《Cognition & emotion》2011,25(4):626-638
Increased vigilance to threat-related stimuli is thought to be a core cognitive feature of anxiety. We sought to investigate the cognitive impact of experimentally induced anxiety, by means of a 7.5% CO(2) challenge, which acts as an unconditioned anxiogenic stimulus, on attentional bias for positive and negative facial cues of emotional expression in the dot-probe task. In two experiments we found robust physiological and subjective effects of the CO(2) inhalation consistent with the claim that the procedure reliably induces anxiety. Data from the dot-probe task demonstrated an attentional bias to emotional facial expressions compared with neutral faces regardless of valence (happy, angry, and fearful). These attentional effects, however, were entirely inconsistent in terms of their relationship with induced anxiety. We conclude that the previously reported poor reliability of this task is the most parsimonious explanation for our conflicting findings and that future research should develop a more reliable paradigm for measuring attentional bias in this field. 相似文献
443.
Araceli?GonzalezEmail author Phoebe?S.?Moore Abbe?M.?Garcia Margo?Thienemann Lynne?Huffman 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2011,33(2):159-170
Parent–child interaction paradigms are often used to observe dysfunctional family processes; however, the influence of such
tasks on a participant’s level of activation remain unclear. The aim of this pilot project is to explore the stimulus value
of interaction paradigms that have been commonly used in child anxiety research. Twenty-nine parent–child dyads with clinically
anxious (n = 16) and non-anxious (n = 13) youths engaged in a series of tasks (threat and non-threat) used in previous studies of parenting and youth anxiety.
Heart rate (HR) data, as an indicator of physiological activation, were collected across tasks, and participants rated the
perceived representativeness of their interactions in the laboratory to their usual behavior at home. Significant HR changes
were observed for both parent and child. Change in child HR from baseline to non-threat task was smaller than change in HR
from baseline to threat tasks. Change in parent HR from baseline to ambiguous situations tasks was smaller than changes from
baseline to other threat tasks. Differences in HR change between anxious and non-anxious children were explored. Participants
rated laboratory interactions as similar to those experienced in the home. Results suggest that presumably emotionally-charged
discussion tasks may produce increased activation compared to tasks that were designed to be more neutral. Implications for
future research and limitations are discussed. 相似文献
444.
This study explored undergraduate students’ interpersonal responses, namely general feelings toward and desire for further social interaction with trans persons in a helping context. Secondarily, this study explored the relationship between participants’ intrinsic empathy, interpersonal curiosity and interest in further interaction. Two hundred fifty-one undergraduates at a moderate sized university in the southeastern United States served as participants. In order to assess baseline levels of empathy and curiosity, participants in session 1 completed the Interpersonal Reactivity Scale (Davis 1983) and the Interpersonal Curiosity Scale (Litman and Pezzo 2007). One week later, during session 2, the same students assumed the role of a peer counselor and read 1 of 4 (male, female, male-to-female, female-to-male) randomly assigned versions of an intake form completed by a fictitious peer client. Each version was identical, with the exception of the gender identity of the peer client. Participants completed various measures of affect and interest in further interaction. Male participants reported less willingness to interact with, and the strongest negative feelings toward the FTM peer client. Men reported highest willingness to interact with the MTF client and showed the lowest negative reactions towards the MTF client. Female participants’ scores on willingness to interact and on negative reactions were similar across all four intake form versions. Contrary to expectations, baseline levels of empathy and curiosity did not impact responses to gender expression. Further investigation is needed to elucidate the factors associated with anti-transgender prejudice particularly in the context of helping relationships. 相似文献
445.
We evaluated the effects of early maternal deprivation (MD; age 7-14 days) alone or in combination with unpredictable chronic stress (UCS; MDUN; 28-84 days) on anxiety and learning in 90 days old adult rats. We hypothesized that exposure to both stressors (MDUN) would be more detrimental than exposure to one or neither. Unexpectedly, adult rats from the MDUN group did not differ from control animals, whereas adult MD animals exhibited impaired avoidance learning. We next investigated the effect of juvenile-onset (30-90 days) versus adult-onset (60-90 days) stress on avoidance learning in adulthood (90 days). We found that adult-onset chronic stress impaired avoidance learning and memory whereas juvenile-onset stress did not. Thus, the results again indicate that juvenile exposure to UCS induces resilience rather than impairment. 相似文献
446.
Tabitha R. Holmes Lynne A. Bond Ciara Byrne 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2012,31(2):122-143
This mixed method study applies components of the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen and Fishbein 1980) to mother-adolescent conflict. We examine if three kinds of beliefs—behavioral, control, and normative—predict patterns of family conflict. Forty mother-adolescent dyads completed an open-ended interview, self-report measures of conflict, and an observational measure of family interaction. Hierarchical multiple regressions revealed that mothers’ and adolescents’ beliefs about the costs and benefits of conflict significantly predicted how they interacted and perceived conflict within dyads. Sex differences and differences between mothers and adolescents were identified. This work contributes to our understanding of the role of both general and specific beliefs in family conflict. 相似文献
447.
Mother and father language input to young children: Contributions to later language development 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Nadya Pancsofar Lynne Vernon-Feagans 《Journal of applied developmental psychology》2006,27(6):571-587
There has been little research comparing the nature and contributions of language input of mothers and fathers to their young children. This study examined differences in mother and father talk to their 24 month-old children. This study also considered contributions of parent education, child care quality and mother and father language (output, vocabulary, complexity, questions, and pragmatics) to children's expressive language development at 36 months. It was found that fathers' language input was less than mothers' language input on the following: verbal output, turn length, different word roots, and wh-questions. Mothers and fathers did not differ on type-token ratio, mean length of utterance, or the proportion of questions. At age 36 months, parent level of education, the total quality of child care and paternal different words were significant predictors of child language. Mothers' language was not a significant predictor of child language. 相似文献
448.
Stress and the Control Beliefs of Prisoners: A Test of Three Models of Control-Limited Environments1
Three models are proposed to explain the relationship between individual differences in beliefs and stress responses in control-limited environments: (1) the Environmental Incongruency, (2) Differential Stress Responses, and (3) Undifferentiated Responses. The present research examined the support for each model using inmates differing in control beliefs and prison as the control-limited environment. The results did not support either the Incongruency or the Differential models. In contrast with previous studies of control-limited environments, there was no evidence of change in passive stress responses over time in prison, but there was an increase in active responses (e.g., conflicts with other inmates) early during incarceration. As predicted by the Undifferentiated Response M odel, inmates who were more external in Locus of Control experienced significantly more active and passive stress reactions. No differences were found in stress as a function of their internal beliefs. 相似文献
449.
In these studies, we examined the role of elaborations for subjects learning a procedural skill (viz., using a personal computer) from an instructional text. In Experiment 1, we compared two sources of elaborations: those provided by the author and those generated by learners while reading. In the latter condition, subjects were given advance information about the tasks they were to perform so that they would generate more specific task-related elaborations while reading. Each source of elaborations facilitated skill performance. This result contrasts with results of the past experiments testing declarative knowledge in which author-provided elaborations were found to hurt performance. In Experiment 2, the author-provided elaborations were classified into those illustrating the syntax of the operating system commands and those explaining basic concepts and their applicability. Syntax elaborations produced significant facilitation for experienced and novice computer users. Concept elaborations produced no reliable improvement. 相似文献
450.