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951.
We examine developmental interactions between context, exploration, and word learning. Infants show an understanding of how nonsolid substances are categorized that does not reliably transfer to learning how these categories are named in laboratory tasks. We argue that what infants learn about naming nonsolid substances is contextually bound – most nonsolids that toddlers are familiar with are foods and thus, typically experienced when sitting in a highchair. We asked whether 16‐month‐old children's naming of nonsolids would improve if they were tested in that typical context. Children tested in the highchair demonstrated better understanding of how nonsolids are named. Furthermore, context‐based differences in exploration drove differences in the properties attended to in real‐time. We discuss what implications this context‐dependency has for understanding the development of an ontological distinction between solids and nonsolids. Together, these results demonstrate a developmental cascade between context, exploration, and word learning. 相似文献
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Lynn Fainsilber Katz Joann Wu Shortt Nicholas B. Allen Betsy Davis Erin Hunter Craig Leve Lisa Sheeber 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2014,42(2):205-215
This study compared parental socialization of adolescent positive affect in families of depressed and healthy adolescents. Participants were 107 adolescents (42 boys) aged 14 – 18 years and their parents. Half of the participants met criteria for major depressive disorder and the others were demographically matched adolescents without emotional or behavioral disorders. Results based on multi-source questionnaire and interview data indicated that mothers and fathers of depressed adolescents were less accepting of adolescents’ positive affect and more likely to use strategies that dampen adolescents’ positive affect than were parents of healthy adolescents. Additionally, fathers of depressed adolescents exhibited fewer responses likely to enhance the adolescents’ positive affect than were fathers of healthy adolescents. These findings build on those of previous work in examining parental responses to adolescent emotions, focusing on positive emotions and including both mothers and fathers. 相似文献
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Jennifer L. Monahan Sheila T. Murphy Lynn C. Miller 《Psychology of women quarterly》1999,23(3):643-651
The present research examines how alcohol, or even the illusion of imbibing alcohol, affects women's perceived self-efficacy for avoiding HIV. Women ( N = 82) were randomly assigned to one of four conditions in a 2 (alcohol or no alcohol) X 2 (expect alcohol or not) balanced placebo design. After consuming alcoholic or nonalcoholic beverages, participants assessed their self-efficacy for HIV risk prevention. Both alcohol consumption and alcohol expectancy increased women's confidence that they could detect whether a potential partner was HIV positive simply by interacting with the potential partner. 相似文献
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The maximum displacement threshold for direction discrimination (dmax) was determined for single or paired dot targets moving discretely against a background of dynamic visual noise. dmax rose as the spatial density of noise was reduced, or when the interframe interval was decreased. dmax was greater for dot pairs than for single dots, and rose progressively as the distance between the dots was reduced. dmax was also greater if the orientation of the target dot pairs differed from the orientation of paired dots in the background noise. Dichoptic presentation of the target and background noise allowed the target to be detected with an accuracy that did not depend on displacement. 相似文献
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Eunice Y. Chen PhD Karla C. Fettich MA Megan Tierney Psyd Hakeemah Cummings MA Johnny Berona BA Jessica Weissman BA Amanda Ward MS Kara Christensen BA Matthew Southward BA Kathryn H. Gordon PhD James Mitchell MD Emil Coccaro MD 《Suicide & life-threatening behavior》2012,42(5):541-549
There are high rates of suicide ideation and/or behavior in severely obese individuals. The potential contributors to suicide ideation in a sample of 334 severely obese bariatric surgery candidates was explored. Lack of college education, a history of suicide ideation and/or behavior, psychological distress, hopelessness, loneliness, history of physical and/or sexual abuse, and lifetime major depression were associated with current suicide ideation. Some of the correlates of suicide ideation in severely obese bariatric surgery‐seeking samples are similar to those found in the general community and this knowledge may serve to improve the psychological assessment and care for this group. 相似文献