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951.
Developmental Intergroup Theory: Explaining and Reducing Children's Social Stereotyping and Prejudice 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
ABSTRACT— Social stereotyping and prejudice are intriguing phenomena from the standpoint of theory and, in addition, constitute pressing societal problems. Because stereotyping and prejudice emerge in early childhood, developmental research on causal mechanisms is critical for understanding and controlling stereotyping and prejudice. Such work forms the basis of a new theoretical model, developmental intergroup theory (DIT), which addresses the causal ingredients of stereotyping and prejudice. The work suggests that biases may be largely under environmental control and thus might be shaped via educational, social, and legal policies. 相似文献
952.
The current study describes the assessment and treatment of the problem behavior of 3 individuals with autism for whom initial functional analysis results were inconclusive. Subsequent analyses revealed that the interruption of free-operant behavior using "do" requests (Study 1) as well as "do" and "don't" requests (Study 2) occasioned problem behavior. Initially, treatment involved differential and noncontingent reinforcement without interruption. To make the intervention more sustainable in the natural environment (where interruptions are unavoidable), a two-component multiple-schedule arrangement was used to progressively increase the period of time in which ongoing activities would be interrupted. During generalization sessions, the intervention was applied across a variety of contexts and therapists. 相似文献
953.
Adam M. Leventhal Rodney L. Martin Robert W. Seals Evelina Tapia Lynn P. Rehm 《Motivation and emotion》2007,31(2):145-157
Affective habituation (i.e., reductions in stimulus-evoked affective reactions as a result of previous exposure) may serve
a functional purpose. However, little is know about the psychological mechanisms underlying this process. To elucidate the
characteristics of affective habituation, two experiments that examined affective reactions to repeated exposures of pleasurable
stimuli were conducted. Results of these experiments indicated that habituation trajectories are characterized by linear decreases
in affect. Results also demonstrated that habituation can be slowed by the introduction of novel stimuli (i.e., “novelty effects”),
effects that are dimensional (rather than taxonic) in nature. Experiment 2 demonstrated that habituation is mediated by conceptual
rather than perceptual processes. Depressed and anhedonic individuals were not more susceptible to habituation in either experiment.
The current findings and previous theorizing suggest that habituation may be an important component of an adaptive affective
processing system that promotes effective responses to salient stimuli and prevents compulsive reward-seeking behavior.
相似文献
Adam M. LeventhalEmail: |
954.
This study examined the effects on tips left by Black and White restaurant patrons of having a White waitress sit down or lean over at the table during the service encounter. A significant server posture by patron race interaction was obtained. Sitting at the table significantly increased the tips left by White patrons and marginally significantly decreased the tips left by Black patrons. Potential explanations for this interaction are discussed along with its practical implications. 相似文献
955.
The construct of alexithymia encompasses the characteristics of difficulty identifying feelings, difficulty describing feelings, externally oriented thinking, and a limited imaginal capacity. These characteristics are thought to reflect deficits in the cognitive processing and regulation of emotions and to contribute to the onset or maintenance of several medical and psychiatric disorders. In this article, we review recent methods for assessing alexithymia and examine how assessing alexithymia can inform clinical practice. Alexithymia is associated with heightened physiological arousal, the tendency to notice and report physical symptoms, and unhealthy compulsive behaviors. Alexithymic patients may respond poorly to psychological treatments, although perhaps not to cognitive-behavioral techniques, and it is unclear whether alexithymia can be improved through treatment. Interpretive problems regarding alexithymia include its overlap with other traits, whether it is secondary to illness or trauma, the possibility of subtypes, and low correlations among multiple measures. Nonetheless, we encourage the assessment of alexithymia in applied settings. 相似文献
956.
957.
L. Kern 《Psychologie Fran?aise》2007,52(4):403-416
The regular practice of physical exercises is generally considered from the point of view of the favorable consequences which can result from it. This prospect tends to leave aside negative aspects of this practice when it is very intense in particular. Some authors consider the negatives aspects of this practice and name this phenomenon: exercise dependence. There are divergences in the definition as well as in the operationnalisation of the concept of exercise dependence. The use of non-valid measuring instruments contributed to confusion in this field. Among the ten measuring instrument available, a scale held our attention, it acts of the scale of the physical exercise dependence, which has satisfactory psychometric qualities. 相似文献
958.
Under instructions to ignore distraction, younger and older adults read passages with interspersed distracting words. Some
of the distractors served as solutions to a subsequent set of verbal problems in which three weakly related words could be
related by retrieving a missing fourth word (i.e., the Remote Associates Test [RAT]; Mednick, 1962). Older adults showed significant
priming from the distraction, whereas younger adults did not. In this study, we present a case in which age-related reductions
in attentional control over information that was not initially relevant can actually lead to superior performance for older
adults. The RAT materials may be downloaded from www.psychonomic.org/archive. 相似文献
959.
Stress administered prior to encoding impairs neutral but enhances emotional long-term episodic memories
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Payne JD Jackson ED Hoscheidt S Ryan L Jacobs WJ Nadel L 《Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)》2007,14(12):861-868
Stressful events frequently comprise both neutral and emotionally arousing information, yet the impact of stress on emotional and neutral events is still not fully understood. The hippocampus and frontal cortex have dense concentrations of receptors for stress hormones, such as cortisol, which at high levels can impair performance on hippocampally dependent memory tasks. Yet, the same stress hormones can facilitate memory for emotional information, which involves interactions between the hippocampus and amygdala. Here, we induced psychosocial stress prior to encoding and examined its long-term effects on memory for emotional and neutral episodes. The stress manipulation disrupted long-term memory for a neutral episode, but facilitated long-term memory for an equivalent emotional episode compared with a control condition. The stress manipulation also increased salivary cortisol, catecholamines as indicated by the presence of alpha-amylase, heart rate, and subjectively reported stress. Stressed subjects reported more false memories than nonstressed control subjects, and these false memories correlated positively with cortisol levels, providing evidence for a relationship between stress and false memory formation. Our results demonstrate that stress, when administered prior to encoding, produces different patterns of long-term remembering for neutral and emotional episodes. These differences likely emerge from differential actions of stress hormones on memory-relevant regions of the brain. 相似文献
960.
Katherine Anne Comtois Lynn Elwood Laura C. Holdcraft Wayne R. Smith Tracy L. Simpson 《Cognitive and behavioral practice》2007,14(4):406-414
Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) has been shown to be effective in randomized controlled trials with women with borderline personality disorder and histories of chronic self-inflicted injury including suicide attempts. The present study is a pre-post replication of a comprehensive DBT program in a community mental health center for individuals who chronically injure themselves and/or have experienced multiple treatment failures. Twenty-four subjects were given the Treatment History Interview to obtain information regarding medically treated self-inflicted injuries and the use of crisis services. After 1 year of treatment, DBT showed a significant reduction in the number and severity of self-inflicted injuries, psychiatric-related emergency room visits, psychiatric inpatient admissions and days, and the number of crisis treatment systems engaged. Results are compared to benchmarks from 3 other clinical trials of DBT. While this pre-post comparison has threats to internal validity, it supports the feasibility of DBT when fully implemented in a community mental health clinic. 相似文献