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The present study examined children's and adults' categorization and moral judgment of truthful and untruthful statements. 7‐, 9‐ and 11‐year‐old Chinese children and college students read stories in which story characters made truthful or untruthful statements and were asked to classify and evaluate the statements. The statements varied in terms of whether the speaker intended to help or harm a listener and whether the statement was made in a setting that called for informational accuracy or politeness. Results showed that the communicative intent and setting factors jointly influence children's categorization of lying and truth‐telling, which extends an earlier finding (Lee & Ross, 1997) to childhood. Also, we found that children's and adults' moral judgments of lying and truth‐telling were influenced by the communicative intent but not the setting factor. The present results were discussed in terms of Sweetser's (1987) folkloristic model of lying. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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我国企业魅力型领导的特质结构研究 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
为探讨我国魅力型领导的特质结构,采用开放式问卷调查了209名企业管理者和员工.内容分析发现,我国魅力型领导包括7类特质.据此编制了魅力型领导特质问卷,调查回收有效问卷107份,探索性因素分析显示魅力型领导是一个5因素结构.用结构方程模型对305份有效问卷的数据分析,结果显示我国企业魅力型领导的特质结构是一个一阶五因素模型. 相似文献
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When someone is criticized for some failure or deficiency, he or she is faced with a dilemma about whether or how to respond. To date, most research on responses to criticism has adopted a communication approach and has focused on general social complaints. The present study instead adopted the perspective of stress and coping and aimed to delineate possible responses to criticism pertaining to one's physical appearance. We investigated the efficacy of three coping styles, namely acceptance, avoidance, and retaliation in explaining emotional reactions towards such criticism, and we additionally controlled for personality characteristics, in particular assertion and harmony beliefs. A sample of Taiwanese university students (N = 300) was surveyed for their coping styles and psychological outcomes, and personality traits were examined as possible predictors of response options. We found that (1) acceptance, retaliation, and avoidance were three broad coping styles in this problematic social situation; (2) the individual trait of assertion was negatively related to the use of avoidance, while harmony beliefs were positively related to acceptance and avoidance, but negatively related to retaliation; and (3) the use of acceptance and avoidance were positively related to positive emotions, whereas retaliation was positively related to negative emotions. Males tended to use more acceptance. Implications of these findings were discussed in relation to existing studies of communication, stress and coping. Possible influences of the Chinese collectivist culture on people's responses to criticism were also delineated, such as valuing interpersonal harmony and face-work in social situations. 相似文献
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Hierarchical factor analyses involving Schmid-Leiman transformations (Schmid & Leiman, 1957) were conducted on specific cognitive abilities data collected in a sample of 148 identical (MZ) and 135 same-sex fraternal (DZ) twin pairs. Two main questions were addressed: First, are genetic influences on specific cognitive abilities simply a reflection of their g loading, or are different sets of genes affecting separate abilities? Second, to the extent that specific cognitive abilities are affected by common genetic variance, how similar is the common genetic factor to a phenotypic factor reflecting g? Model fitting results suggest that genetic influences on specific abilities are a reflection of both general intelligence and genetic influences specific to separate abilities and that loadings on the common genetic factor are more highly correlated with phenotypic g loadings than are common environmental factor loadings. 相似文献
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荀子名况,字卿。生活在战国晚期(约公元前310—230年)。这时,我国出现了百家争鸣的盛大局面。荀子在诸子中最为晚出,他研究了各家学说,既取其精华,又批判其缺点,创造性地发展了中国古代朴素的唯物主义思想。他是我国古代较全面地论述了人的心理活动的思想家,以其唯物主义的宇宙观为依据,形成了系统的唯物主义心理学思想。本文就此进行分析和评述。 相似文献
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海马CA_3区在长时记忆的保持中的作用 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本工作将M-胆碱能受体阻断剂东莨菪碱,r-氨基丁酸及其受体阻断剂印防己毒素,经埋植的慢性导管注入家兔双侧海马CA_3区,观察上述药物对已巩固的操作式食物性条件反应的影响。发现东莨菪碱(每侧45微克/5微升)、r-氨基丁酸(每侧3毫克/5微升)均使条件反应抑制;若注r-氨基丁酸之前先加注印防己毒素,则抑制时间缩短,且剂量愈大时间更为缩短。抑制期间动物的摄食和运动功能正常,抑制后条件反应皆恢复;注生理盐水作自身对照则均无抑制效应。这表明海马CA_3区在长时记忆的保持上起着重要作用,且此种作用有胆碱能突触和GABA能突触参与。 相似文献
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Yingyi Luo Ming Yan Shaorong Yan Xiaolin Zhou Albrecht W. Inhoff 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2016,16(1):72-92
In two experiments, we examined the contribution of articulation-specific features to visual word recognition during the reading of Chinese. In spoken Standard Chinese, a syllable with a full tone can be tone-neutralized through sound weakening and pitch contour change, and there are two types of two-character compound words with respect to their articulation variation. One type requires articulation of a full tone for each constituent character, and the other requires a full- and a neutral-tone articulation for the first and second characters, respectively. Words of these two types with identical first characters were selected and embedded in sentences. Native speakers of Standard Chinese were recruited to read the sentences. In Experiment 1, the individual words of a sentence were presented serially at a fixed pace while event-related potentials were recorded. This resulted in less-negative N100 and anterior N250 amplitudes and in more-negative N400 amplitudes when targets contained a neutral tone. Complete sentences were visible in Experiment 2, and eye movements were recorded while participants read. Analyses of oculomotor activity revealed shorter viewing durations and fewer refixations on—and fewer regressive saccades to—target words when their second syllable was articulated with a neutral rather than a full tone. Together, the results indicate that readers represent articulation-specific word properties, that these representations are routinely activated early during the silent reading of Chinese sentences, and that the representations are also used during later stages of word processing. 相似文献