知道感与不知道感：一个关于元记忆判断的双过程假设

中国科学院心理研究所心理健康重点实验室,北京 100101     

What Leads to Romantic Attraction: Similarity,Reciprocity, Security,or Beauty? Evidence From a Speed‐Dating Study

ABSTRACT Years of attraction research have established several "principles" of attraction with robust evidence. However, a major limitation of previous attraction studies is that they have almost exclusively relied on well-controlled experiments, which are often criticized for lacking ecological validity. The current research was designed to examine initial attraction in a real-life setting—speed-dating. Social Relations Model analyses demonstrated that initial attraction was a function of the actor, the partner, and the unique dyadic relationship between these two. Meta-analyses showed intriguing sex differences and similarities. Self characteristics better predicted women's attraction than they did for men, whereas partner characteristics predicted men's attraction far better than they did for women. The strongest predictor of attraction for both sexes was partners' physical attractiveness. Finally, there was some support for the reciprocity principle but no evidence for the similarity principle.     

事件后信息影响目击证言准确性的实验研究

本研究探讨了不同案件类型、不同性别及给予不同的事件后信息对目击证言的影响,征集了男女大学生被试101名,进行了实验研究,研究结果如下:(1)以主体信息的记忆成绩为因变量,性别、案件类型和事件后信息为白变量,得出案件类型主效应显著,事件后信息的主效应显著,性别主效应以及各因素的交互作用都不显著;(2)以情境信息的记忆成绩为因变量,性别、案件类型和事件后信息为自变量,得出事件后信息主效应显著,案件类型和事件后信息之间交互作用效应显著;(3)不同性别、接受不同案件信息的被试对不同信息记忆的确信程度有所不同.     

选择性注意的两种负启动效应研究回顾及比较

通过比较特性负启动和位置负启动两种实验范式．对选择性注意的负启动研究进行回顾与总结：从研究方法、行为及脑成像结果等方面对特性和位置负启动研究进行比较分析;简要介绍负启动机制,并从客体与空间选择性注意的分离、视觉加工神经通道和工作记忆等方面对特性和位置负启动异同的原因进行初步探讨。对特性和位置负启动及其脑机制的差异研究将有利于对负启动效应及其机制的进一步考察．并指出负启动范式在分心抑制等研究方向具有广泛的应用前景。     

Accuracy and Biases in Newlyweds' Perceptions of Each Other: Not Mutually Exclusive but Mutually Beneficial

ABSTRACT— There has been a long-standing debate about whether having accurate self-perceptions or holding positive illusions of self is more adaptive. This debate has recently expanded to consider the role of accuracy and bias of partner perceptions in romantic relationships. In the present study, we hypothesized that because accuracy, positivity bias, and similarity bias are likely to serve distinct functions in relationships, they should all make independent contributions to the prediction of marital satisfaction. In a sample of 288 newlywed couples, we tested this hypothesis by simultaneously modeling the actor effects and partner effects of accuracy, positivity bias, and similarity bias in predicting husbands' and wives' satisfaction. Findings across several perceptual domains suggest that all three perceptual indices independently predicted the perceiver's satisfaction. Accuracy and similarity bias, but not positivity bias, made unique contributions to the target's satisfaction. No sex differences were found.     

Recognizing the role of perception in action at 6 months

The present research examined whether infants as young as 6 months of age would consider what objects a human agent could perceive when interpreting her actions on the objects. In two experiments, the infants took the agent's actions of repeatedly reaching for and grasping one of two possible objects as suggesting her preference for that object only when the agent could detect both objects, not when the agent's perceptual access to the second object was absent, either because a large screen hid the object from the agent ( Experiment 1 ), or because the agent sat with her back toward the object ( Experiment 2 ). These results suggest that young infants recognize the role of perception in constraining an agent's goal‐actions.     

论托马斯·阿奎那对实践-行为的区分

通常在追溯实践哲学传统时,都会上寻到古希腊的亚里士多德哲学,然后就会跨过中世纪哲学而直接到近代哲学的传统,因而往往忽略了中世纪哲学传统对实践哲学的影响。然而,事实并非如此。该文选取深受亚里士多德哲学思想影响的中世纪著名哲学家托马斯·阿奎那为分析对象,以《神学大全》中论述人的部分为基础,着重阐释他从实践伦理学角度对实践一行为的三重区分。同时,本文也指出在托马斯·阿奎那的思想中,实践与制作也不可以等同．即．作为伦理行为的实践与作为机械工艺的制作所遵循的原则是不同的．     

非球面人工晶状体临床应用的启示

非球面人工晶状体是波前像差技术与现代白内障手术完美结合的产物,也是多学科联合发展的结果。非球面人工晶状体较传统球面人工晶状体可明显改善白内障患者的视功能。倘若能实现个体化设计,非球面人工晶状体有望取代球面人工晶状体成为人工晶状体的主流。     

人格测验中作假的控制方法

被试很容易对人格测验作假,这严重影响了人格测验的有效性。目前测评专家已经提出了一些应对作假的方法,它们可被分为事前控制技术和事后识别技术两大类。前者包括迫选式量表,警告及假渠道技术等,后者包括作假识别量表,IRT及反应时识别技术等。目前,在人格测验中嵌套使用作假识别量表,以及在测验指导语中加入警告是比较有效的两种方法,迫选式量表的发展也值得期待。由于研究者对作假的内部发生机制了解较少,这制约了IRT与反应时识别技术的发展。     

论消费者的技术责任

现代消费是以技术为主要对象的消费,消费者是技术的重要主体,因而也是技术的责任主体,消费者应通过负责任的消费为技术承担生态责任、社会伦理责任和促进技术健康发展的责任.