Are children's faces really more appealing than those of adults? Testing the baby schema hypothesis beyond infancy

This study examined adults’ evaluations of likeability and attractiveness of children’s faces from infancy to early childhood. We tested whether Lorenz’s baby schema hypothesis (Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie (1943), Vol. 5, pp. 235-409) is applicable not only to infant faces but also to faces of children at older ages. Adult participants were asked to evaluate children’s faces from early infancy to 6 years of age in terms of their likeability and attractiveness, and these judgments were compared with those of adult faces. It was revealed that adults judged faces of younger children as more likeable and attractive than faces of older children, which were in turn judged as more likeable and attractive than adult faces. However, after approximately 4.5 years of age, the baby schema no longer affected adults’ judgments of children’s facial likeability and attractiveness. These findings suggest that the baby schema affects adults’ judgments of not only infant faces but also young children’s faces. This influence beyond infancy is likely due to the fact that facial cranial growth is gradual during early childhood and certain crucial infantile facial cues remain readily available during this period. Future studies need to identify these specific cues to better understand why adults generally show positive responses to infantile faces and how such positive responses influence the establishment and maintenance of social relationships between young children and adults.     

Forgiveness and interpersonal relationships: a Nepalese investigation

The present study examined the practice of forgiveness in Nepal. A model relating collectivism and forgiveness was examined. Participants (N = 221) completed measures of collectivism, individualism, forgiveness, conciliatory behavior, and motivations for avoidance and revenge toward the offender. Collectivism was positively related to forgiveness. Forgiveness was strongly related to conciliatory behavior and motivations for avoidance and revenge toward the offender. Decisional forgiveness was a stronger predictor of motivations for revenge than was emotional forgiveness.     

单维项目因素分析：CCFA与IRT估计方法的比较

当观测指标变量为二分分类数据时,传统的因素分析方法不再适用。作者简要回顾了SEM框架下的分类数据因素分析模型和IRT框架下的测验题目和潜在能力的关系模型,并对两种框架下主要采用的参数估计方法进行了总结。通过两个模拟研究,比较了SEM框架下GLSc和MGLSc估计方法与IRT框架下MML/EM估计方法的差异。研究结果表明：（1）三种方法中,GLSc得到参数估计的偏差最大,MGLSc和MML/EM估计方法相差不大;（2）随着样本量增大,各种项目参数估计的精度均提高;（3）项目因素载荷和难度估计的精度受测验长度的影响;（4）项目因素载荷和区分度估计的精度受总体因素载荷（区分度）高低的影响;（5）测验项目中阈值的分布会影响参数估计的精度,其中受影响最大的是项目区分度。（6）总体来看,SEM框架下的项目参数估计精度较IRT框架下项目参数估计的精度高。此外,文章还将两种方法在实际应用中应该注意的问题提供了一些建议。     

基于决策树的来华留学生跨文化适应性研究

近年来,越来越多的国外学生选择到中国留学,为了更好地接收和管理留学生,获得留学生跨文化适应性规则十分必要。决策树是提取分类规则的有效方法,以树型结构表示最终分类结果,并生成If-Then形式的便于理解的规则,更有利于留学生管理工作者理解并决策。本研究对全国10个省市15所学校的1294名留学生进行测量。对留学生的社会适应、心理适应和学习适应建立分类回归树。结果表明:(1)分类回归树可以有效地对留学生适应性进行预测;(2)按重要性提取规则,社会服务系统和留学生个性心理特征是影响适应水平的最重要因素,但学校的软硬件环境也在一定程度上对留学生适应性产生影响。     

Working memory modulates the perception of time

Recent research has indicated that reentrant feedback from the contents of working memory can enhance neural representations and the perceptual strengths of matching stimuli in the visual field. However, whether the contents of working memory can also distort conscious experiences of perception remains unclear. Our present results show that the durations of perceptual stimuli matching the nontemporal representations in working memory tend to be perceived as longer than those of mismatching stimuli. This is the first demonstration that working memory can lead to distortions of time perception. Our findings are consistent with the ideas that the perceived duration of a stimulus depends on the magnitude of the neural responses to that stimulus in visual cortex and that there is a common system for representing both temporal and nontemporal magnitudes. We conclude that top-down modulation from the nontemporal contents of working memory distorts the perceptual experience of temporal duration.     

发明创造问题解决中的原型位置效应

以科学发明创造问题为实验材料,采用“学习-测试”两阶段实验范式,对发明创造问题解决中的原型位置效应进行探讨,结果发现：（1）原型位置主效应显著,后呈现原型成绩显著优于先呈现原型;（2）原型位置效应受创造性倾向影响,随创造性倾向的提高而显著降低;（3）原型位置效应不受启发量影响,但不同创造性个体受高低启发量影响;（4）发明创造问题解决得分与创造性倾向总分相关显著,二者在原型位置效应上表现相同的效应。     

连贯阅读中文本表征的意识性研究

采用独立记得-知道范式(IRK)和加工分离范式(PDP)探讨连贯阅读中文本表征的意识性问题。实验1使用独立记得-知道范式(IRK),分析被试对再认项目判断为“记得”或“知道”的比例（击中率）;实验2使用加工分离范式(PDP),分析被试在包含、排斥测验中的击中率和虚报率。总的实验结果表明,在连贯阅读中,命题表征的建构是无意识的,情境模型的建构也是无意识的,该结果支持和完善了文本阅读双加工理论。     

“《道德经》版本（文物）展”展品介绍之三

在香港、北京举办的"《道德经》版本(文物)展"上,国家图书馆为展览提供了206件(组)展品,其中一级文物5件(组)。展品包括石刻拓片、敦煌遗书中的唐     

符咒雕版印刷品述论

符咒，或称咒符、道教法术。符指符篆，符是书于黄色纸帛上的符号或图形，篆是载录于诸符间的天神名讳秘文。道教认为，符篆是天神的文字，传达天神的旨意，用之可以召神劾鬼，降妖镇魔、治病除灾。咒是咒术，应用咒语祈请神明，诅咒鬼蜮。     

Feature integration is not the whole story of the sequence effects of symbolic cueing

ABSTRACT

Sequential modulations in symbolic cueing tasks have been attributed to complete versus partial repetition/alternation of stimulus features between consecutive trials. This feature-integration hypothesis is questioned by recent findings and further investigated in the present study. In the first two experiments, when the cueing axes switched between trials, only complete alternation of cue directions and target locations existed. Nevertheless, significant sequence effects were still found in this condition, which did not support the feature-integration hypothesis. Furthermore, although sequence effects were still significant when stimulus identities were manipulated in Experiment 3, it was abolished when different cue categories (gaze and arrow) were presented as cues in Experiment 4. The findings suggest that the integration of stimulus features is not the only source of the sequential effect and some higher level cognitive mechanisms, possibly as described in the task-file or task organization hypotheses, are involved in the sequential modulations of symbolic cueing.