不同阅读水平儿童的汉字字形输出与再认

实验采用与和选择任务,对比研究了不同阅读水平儿童在汉字字形输出和再认过程中的共同点和差异。结果发现：汉字声旁的规则必影响所有阅读水平儿童听写和听选择的正确和率错误率;阅读水平低的儿童阅读水平高的儿童产生更多的同音替代;与阅读水平高的儿童相比,阅读水平低的儿童更加需要线性的帮助。文章从心理词典结构和字词加工的角度探讨了这种差异的理论含义。     

加工深度和元记忆训练对多重记忆系统监测的影响

这项研究探讨元记忆判断对情节记忆系统、语义记忆系统和ＰＲＳ（ｐｅｒｃｅｐｔｕａｌｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎ）系统的监测问题。已有的研究表明,元记忆对情节记忆的监测好于对语义记忆的监测。这项研究在深度加工和元记忆训练的条件下,进一步比较了Ｒ反应（Ｒｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｅｓ）项目、Ｋ反应（Ｋｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｅｓ）项目以及成功补笔项目的ＦＯＫ幅度（ＭＦＯＫ,ｍａｇｎｉｔｕｄｅｏｆＦＯＫ）。结果表明,无论是在深度加工的条件下,还是在元记忆训练的条件下,Ｒ项目的ＭＦＯＫ明最高于Ｋ项目和成功补笔项目。这说明元记忆系统的监测模式具有相对的稳定性,它不受记忆痕迹的性质与元记忆判断策略的影响。     

羞耻和内疚的差异

羞耻和内疚是日常生活中经常出现的两种十分相似的情感,难以对此作出明确的区分。近年来研究发现两者在概念、认知评价、情感体验和外显表现等方面都有着明显的差异,而且在与心理障碍之间的关系上羞耻比内疚更密切。这些研究发现无疑对情绪的理论研究和心理障碍的临床治疗都起到积极的作用。     

支持性条件对记忆年龄差异的影响

通过三个实验探讨支持性条件对记忆年龄差异的影响。结果表明,在操作条件下记忆高语义关联度项目时,有缩小记忆年龄差异的作用,(实验一);线索回忆时,对于低语义关联度项目,青年人可从名词线索中获得更多支持(实验二);当使用具范畴组织关系的词表作为记忆材料时,操作条件和范畴线索的结合对老年人记忆有干扰作用(实验三)。记忆中年龄差异的变化反映了编码条件、记忆材料和提取条件三方面的综合作用。     

Susceptibility to motion sickness induced by optokinetic rotation and self-rotation by walking around a vertical pole.

31 subjects viewed an optokinetic rotating drum for 12 min. in one session and self-rotated by walking quickly around a vertical pole with eyes closed while alternately flexing and extending the neck in another session. The self-rotation session contained 6 trials (3 clockwise and 3 counterclockwise rotations). Each trial contained 20 cycles of self-rotations. Self-reported ratings of nausea and symptoms of motion sickness were obtained for each session. The subjects developed symptoms of nausea, sweating, dizziness, headache, drowsiness, and changes in salivation in both drum rotation and self-rotation sessions. However, the subjects reported higher ratings of nausea in the session of optokinetic rotation than in the session of self-rotation around a vertical pole. These results indicated that both optokinetic rotation and self-rotation with eyes closed while alternately flexing and extending the neck are effective means of inducing nausea and motion sickness.     

Understanding Happiness: A Look into the Chinese Folk Psychology

This qualitative study using a folk psychology approach explored what Chinese people think about happiness. One hundred and forty-two undergraduate students wrote free-format essays in response to a simple open-ended question, “What is happiness?” Using thematic analysis, four main themes were found. (1) Happiness can be defined in terms of (a) a mental state of satisfaction and contentment; (b) positive feelings/emotions; (c) a harmonious homeostasis; (d) achievement and hope; and (e) freedom from ill-being. (2) Happiness is a harmonious state of existence, under the following conditions: (a) the individual is satisfied or content; (b) the individual is the agent of his own happiness; (c) spiritual enrichment is emphasized more than material satisfaction; and (d) the individual maintains a positive outlook for the future. (3) The relationship between happiness and unhappiness is dialectical. These two distinct entities are locked in a never-ending relationship of interdependence: each depends on the other for contrast and meaning. Moreover, this relationship between the two opposites is also dynamic and constantly changing. (4) Happiness can be achieved, provided that one has the following abilities: (a) the wisdom of discovery; (b) the wisdom of contentment and gratitude; (c) the wisdom of giving; and (d)the wisdom of self-cultivation. These themes were discussed in the contexts of Chinese philosophical and folk views of happiness.     

中小学生语文阅读理解能力结构及其发展特点研究

本文从实证的角度探讨了中小学生语文阅读理解能力的结构组成及其发展特点。结果认为,被试阅读理解能力的水平主要是受其阅读理解能力结构的发展水平制约,因为即使在同一个年级组里。高水平被试组的阅读理解能力结构也比低水平被试组的阅读理解能力结构更复杂。而阅读理解能力水平的发展一般遵循量的累加与质的飞跃的过程,质的飞跃意味着阅读理解能力结构的发展与分化。     

自然物体分类的ERP研究

对事物进行分类的能力是人类的一种基本认知功能。该文主要就近年来自然物体分类的事件相关电位（ERP）研究情况进行综述。首先介绍与自然物体分类有关的ERP早晚期成分;接着讨论了快速视觉分类的加工机制,认为前馈机制在这种复杂分类任务的视觉加工过程中起重要作用;最后详细介绍了两个分离的视觉加工机制,认为自然物体的视觉分类在不同时程涉及不同机制：即首先是任务无关的早期知觉加工过程,其次是任务相关的、类别无关的加工机制,与被试的决策有关。也讨论了这两个分离的加工过程涉及的神经基础。     

项目反应理论多级记分模型参数估计的实现

项目反应理论中参数估计程序的实现,一直是研究现代测量理论的学者们关注的问题。该研究从理论上探讨了多级模型参数估计的实现途径,并模拟了5批不同数量及分布情形的项目及被试参数,生成相应的原始得分矩阵,对自编程序及国际流行的相关程序进行了严格的比较校验,验证结果证明本程序具有精确、稳定的性能,并且发现被试量太少将影响参数估计的精确性及稳定性     

大学生羞耻和内疚差异的对比研究

以 48名北京大学本科生为被试 ,检验羞耻和内疚差异的 3种假设 :研究一同时检验“公开化与私人化”和“个人无能与违背道德”两个假设 ;研究二检验“伤害自我与伤害他人”假设。方法是依次呈现一系列不同的负性情境 (情境事先已按要检验的假设加以控制 ) ,要求被试设想自己亲身经历该情境 ,然后回答体验到的羞耻和内疚的程度及理由。结果表明 :①“公开化与私人化”对羞耻和内疚的影响有显著差异 (p <0 0 5 ) :“有他人在场”可以易化羞耻 ,而内疚感的产生一般不需要“观众”在场。②“违背道德”在引发羞耻和内疚感上基本相等 ,而“个人无能”引起更多的羞耻感 (p <0 0 1)。③“公开化与私人化”和“个人无能与违背道德”的交互作用不显著。④“伤害自我”更多引起羞耻感 (p <0 0 5 ) ,而“伤害他人”更多引起内疚感 (p <0 0 1)。