When the ordinary seems unexpected: evidence for incremental physical knowledge in young infants

According to a recent account of infants' acquisition of their physical knowledge, the incremental-knowledge account, infants form distinct event categories, such as occlusion, containment, support, and collision events. In each category, infants identify one or more vectors which correspond to distinct problems that must be solved. For each vector, infants acquire a sequence of variables that enables them to predict outcomes within the vector more and more accurately over time. This account predicts that infants who have acquired only a few of the variables in a sequence should err in two ways in violation-of-expectation tasks: (1) they should view impossible events consistent with their incomplete knowledge as expected (errors of omission), and (2) they should view possible events inconsistent with their incomplete knowledge as unexpected (errors of commission). Many reports have shown that infants who have not yet identified a variable in an event category produce errors of omission: they fail to view impossible events involving the variable as unexpected. However, there has been no report revealing errors of commission in infants' responses to possible events. The present research examined whether 3- and 2.5-month-old infants, whose knowledge of occlusion events is very limited, would produce errors of commission as well as errors of omission when responding to these events. At 3 months of age, infants viewed as unexpected a possible event in which a tall cylinder became visible when passing behind a tall screen with a very large opening extending from its upper edge. At 2.5 months, infants viewed as unexpected a possible event in which a tall cylinder became visible when passing behind a tall screen with a very large opening extending from its lower edge. These findings provide a new kind of evidence for the incremental-knowledge account, and more generally for the notion that infants, like older children and adults, engage in rule-based reasoning about physical events.     

Organization and predictive power of general and relationship-specific attachment models: one for all, and all for one?

Given recent evidence for multiple attachment models, we examined the organization and predictive power of general and relationship-specific attachment representations in two samples using two distinct measures of attachment models. With regard to associations among relationship-specific models, peer models (romantic partner and friend) and parental models (mother and father) were more similar to each other than to any other models, and anxiety/self-model representations were more consistent across relationships than avoidance/other-model representations. With regard to links between general and specific models, romantic and friend models made the strongest and independent contributions to general models, and romantic relationship involvement moderated the importance of romantic models to general models. With regard to differential predictive power of multiple models, general, romantic partner, and mother attachment made unique contributions to well-being indicators; relationship outcomes, however, were only predicted by individuals' corresponding relationship-specific models. Implications for the measurement and conceptualization of adult attachment are discussed.     

Two efficient selection methods for high-dimensional CD-CAT utilizing max-marginals factor from MAP query and ensemble learning approach

Computerized adaptive testing for cognitive diagnosis (CD-CAT) needs to be efficient and responsive in real time to meet practical applications' requirements. For high-dimensional data, the number of categories to be recognized in a test grows exponentially as the number of attributes increases, which can easily cause system reaction time to be too long such that it adversely affects the examinees and thus seriously impacts the measurement efficiency. More importantly, the long-time CPU operations and memory usage of item selection in CD-CAT due to intensive computation are impractical and cannot wholly meet practice needs. This paper proposed two new efficient selection strategies (HIA and CEL) for high-dimensional CD-CAT to address this issue by incorporating the max-marginals from the maximum a posteriori query and integrating the ensemble learning approach into the previous efficient selection methods, respectively. The performance of the proposed selection method was compared with the conventional selection method using simulated and real item pools. The results showed that the proposed methods could significantly improve the measurement efficiency with about 1/2–1/200 of the conventional methods' computation time while retaining similar measurement accuracy. With increasing number of attributes and size of the item pool, the computation time advantage of the proposed methods becomes more significant.     

对FOK的线索熟悉性假说的重新检验

本研究的主要目标的,在于对ＦＯＫ的线索熟悉性假说进行重新检验。研究发现：如果采用１＊２设计而不是原来的１＊４设计并且增大处理间的对比力度的话,就可以观察到某些原来不能被观察到的关键性差异,而这些差异是ＦＯＫ的线索熟悉性假说不能解释的。     

Adaptation to British universities:homesickness and mental health of Chinese students

This paper examines the psychological reactions towards university transition with cultural relocation. Both personal factors (cognitive failures, locus of control) and environmental factors (perceived academic and social demands) are considered in this specific stressful context. General psychological symptoms and homesickness were measured. Result from a prospective study showed that homesickness is a common psychological reaction amongst Chinese students studying in Britain. This was quite separate from other psychological symptoms, and the two were influenced by different personality and environmental factors.     

职务分析中的不准确性来源

职务分析以人的主观判断为基础,因而容易导致结果的不准确性。该文总结了职务分析中的不准确性来源及其影响,包括职务分析者、职务分析工具以及职务分析中潜在的社会的和认知的不准确性来源,指出易于产生不准确性的职务分析方面,并探讨了职务分析不准确性和职务内真实差异的关系。在此基础上,提出了减少职务分析中社会和认知的不准确性来源的建议。     

知道感（FOK）和不知道感（FOnK）的双向实验分离

为了实现FOK（feeling-of-knowing）和FonK（feeling-of-not-knowing）的双向分离,实验一采用高频词或者低频词为线索项目,检验FOK和FOnK的预测准确性。结果发现,在低频线索条件下FOK的预测准确性表现出高于FOnK的预测准确性的趋势,而在高频线索条件下则正好相反,但上述两组差异并未在统计学上达到显著的程度。实验二采用词－非词对和相关词对两种实验条件,在证明相关词对条件可以促进FOK并降低FOnK的同时,观察到词－非词条件可以促进FOnK并降低FOK,从而在较为严格的意义上证明了FOK和FOnK是两个不同的维度的量。上述结果为知道感的“双过程假设”提供了进一步的实验证据     

2~6岁儿童心迷走紧张的发展

考察2岁、4岁和6岁3个组共104名有效被试,在基线状态下的基线迷走紧张以及与年龄相符的中等压力任务下的迷走抑制的发展。结果发现,基线迷走紧张与迷走抑制有不同的发展模式：4岁组、6岁组儿童的基线迷走紧张显著地高于2岁组,而4岁组与6岁组之间没有显著差异,基线心跳周期随年龄的增长而相应增长;迷走抑制没有年龄差异,6岁组的基线对任务的心跳周期变化显著地大于2岁组的心跳周期变化     

中学生心理危机与社会支持、应对方式的关系

采用问卷对广州市初高中学生共795名进行调查,探讨中学生心理危机与社会支持、应对方式之间的关系.结果: (1)社会支持、问题解决、幻想、发泄、退避、忍耐对危机脆弱性有显著预测作用;主观支持、问题解决、退避对自我压弹力有显著预测作用.(2)社会支持在自我压弹力、危机脆弱性上的主效应显著.结论:中学生社会支持、应对方式对预防心理危机有重要作用.     

Modelling partially cross‐classified multilevel data

This article proposes an approach to modelling partially cross‐classified multilevel data where some of the level‐1 observations are nested in one random factor and some are cross‐classified by two random factors. Comparisons between a proposed approach to two other commonly used approaches which treat the partially cross‐classified data as either fully nested or fully cross‐classified are completed with a simulation study. Results show that the proposed approach demonstrates desirable performance in terms of parameter estimates and statistical inferences. Both the fully nested model and the fully cross‐classified model suffer from biased estimates of some variance components and statistical inferences of some fixed effects. Results also indicate that the proposed model is robust against cluster size imbalance.