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241.
Manpal Singh Bhogal Niall Galbraith Ken Manktelow 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2017,36(3):549-555
Explaining cooperative tendencies through an evolutionary lens has been problematic for theorists. Traditional explanations derive from theories of reciprocity, biological markets, and more recently via partner choice and sexual selection. The sexual selection hypothesis has been tested within game-theoretic frameworks gaining empirical support in explaining the evolution of altruism. Males have been found to be more altruistic towards attractive females. However, previous research has predominantly adopted a design where participants are not engaging with ‘real people’. Instead, participants make decisions when viewing images or hypothetical scenarios without visual cues. The present study aimed to investigate the sexual selection hypothesis using a face-to-face game theoretic framework. One hundred and thirty-eight participants played a 2-round ultimatum game with chocolate coins as the monetary incentive. We find, that physical attractiveness had no influence on generosity and cooperation when participants play a face-to-face ultimatum game. Instead, proposers were fair when allocating stakes, offering an average of half the endowment to responders. This study refutes the link between the sexual selection hypothesis and generosity when playing economic games with real people. Fairness appeared to drive generosity and cooperation. 相似文献
242.
Patrick S Bordnick Ken M Graap Hilary L Copp Jeremy Brooks Mirtha Ferrer 《Cyberpsychology & behavior》2005,8(5):487-492
Drug craving has purportedly been linked to relapse and to substance use. For over two decades, cue reactivity has been a viable method to assess craving and physiological reactions to drug stimuli. However, traditional cue reactivity has faced the following limitations: austere situations or stimuli, lack of complex cues, lack of standardization, and limited generalization outside of the lab setting. In order to improve cue methodologies, a virtual reality (VR) nicotine cue reactivity assessment system (VR-NCRAS) was developed and tested in a controlled experimental trial. Ten nicotine dependent smokers were exposed to VR smoking cues and VR neutral cues in a standardized, timed, computer controlled experiment. Subjective craving and physiological responses were recorded and compared across VR-NCRAS stimuli. Subjective cigarette craving increased significantly and corresponding physiological reactivity was observed in response to VR smoking cues. VR neutral cues did not result in subjective or physiological changes consistent with craving. Implications of these findings on substance abuse research and treatment are discussed. 相似文献
243.
基于社会认同理论,以社会责任型人力资源管理作为组织道德性的线索,探讨其对组织认同与亲组织非伦理行为之间关系的调节作用及其对亲组织非伦理行为的直接影响。采用多层线性建模技术进行数据分析,结果表明:当社会责任型人力资源管理水平低时,组织认同正向影响亲组织非伦理行为;当社会责任型人力资源管理水平高时,组织认同对亲组织非伦理行为没有显著影响;社会责任型人力资源管理对亲组织非伦理行为具有抑制作用。 相似文献
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In addition to evaluating a structural equation model (SEM) as a whole, often the model parameters are of interest and confidence intervals for those parameters are formed. Given a model with a good overall fit, it is entirely possible for the targeted effects of interest to have very wide confidence intervals, thus giving little information about the magnitude of the population targeted effects. With the goal of obtaining sufficiently narrow confidence intervals for the model parameters of interest, sample size planning methods for SEM are developed from the accuracy in parameter estimation approach. One method plans for the sample size so that the expected confidence interval width is sufficiently narrow. An extended procedure ensures that the obtained confidence interval will be no wider than desired, with some specified degree of assurance. A Monte Carlo simulation study was conducted that verified the effectiveness of the procedures in realistic situations. The methods developed have been implemented in the MBESS package in R so that they can be easily applied by researchers. 相似文献
246.
Everyday experience suggests that drivers are less susceptible to motion sickness than passengers. In the context of inertial motion (i.e., physical displacement), this effect has been confirmed in laboratory research using whole body motion devices. We asked whether a similar effect would occur in the context of simulated vehicles in a visual virtual environment. We used a yoked control design in which one member of each pair of participants played a driving video game (i.e., drove a virtual automobile). A recording of that performance was viewed (in a separate session) by the other member of the pair. Thus, the two members of each pair were exposed to identical visual motion stimuli, but the risk of behavioral contagion was minimized. Participants who drove the virtual vehicle (drivers) were less likely to report motion sickness than participants who viewed game recordings (passengers). Data on head and torso movement revealed that drivers tended to move more than passengers, and that the movements of drivers were more predictable than the movements of passengers. Before the onset of subjective symptoms of motion sickness movement differed between participants who (later) reported motion sickness and those who did not, consistent with a prediction of the postural instability theory of motion sickness. The results confirm that control is an important factor in the etiology of motion sickness and extend this finding to the control of noninertial virtual vehicles. 相似文献
247.
Bees, wasps and ants—so-called central-place foragers—need potent homing strategies to return to their nest. Path integration
and view-based landmark guidance are the key strategies for the ants’ navigation. For instance, they memorise different views
in a sequence (sequential memory) but also have a step counter that informs them about the covered distance during each foraging
trip (odometer). The sequential memory and the odometer information can act as contextual cues during travel for retrieving
the appropriate stored view. When and which cue is used at different stages and lengths of the foraging trips is still unknown.
In this study, we examined how the Australian desert ant Melophorus bagoti uses sequential memory and odometric information to retrieve visual memories. Using a set-up made out of channels and two-choice
boxes (Y-mazes), we demonstrate first that M. bagoti foragers are able to learn and discriminate a variety of visual stimuli in a sequence of views along the inbound trip back
to the nest. We then forced the homing ants to encounter a fixed sequence of two visual patterns during their inbound trips.
By manipulating the position and distance of the visual stimuli and decision boxes, we could set the two contextual cues (sequential
memory and odometer) into conflict. After the short 4-m outbound distance, a preference for odometric information as a contextual
cue was found, but after the long 8-m outbound distance, ants relied primarily on their sequential memory retrieval. Odometer
precision deteriorates with increasing travel distance, and accordingly, our findings imply that desert ants may be relying
on the most reliable contextual cue for retrieving visual memories. 相似文献
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Jun?TakasugiEmail author Daisuke?Matsuzawa Takashi?Murayama Ken?Nakazawa Kenji?Numata Eiji?Shimizu 《Psychological research》2011,75(1):54-60
Twenty-one healthy subjects were instructed to observe the mirror image of the tactile stimulation of their own hand (control
condition) or an assistant’s hand (experimental condition) while being queried about the referred sensation (RS) in their
own masked hand behind the mirror. The rated intensity of the RS under the experimental condition was significantly stronger
than that under the control condition. In a second experiment, the experimental condition was replaced with the tactile stimulation
of a prosthetic (rubber) hand, and was compared with the tactile stimulation of the subject’s own hand (control condition).
In both of the experiments, the rated intensity of RS was significantly stronger under the experimental condition than under
the control condition. The qualitative characteristics of the induced RS on the mirror image hand—including the location,
sense of ownership, and various subjective feelings—were also found to vary among subjects. In conclusion, an RS could be
induced in healthy subjects on the mirror image of the hand by tactile stimulations, although this effect differed substantially
among individuals. 相似文献