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151.
Previous studies have demonstrated reductions in episodic memory during nicotine withdrawal. However, these studies have been unable to dissociate memory reductions from losses in attention associated with tobacco abstinence. In the present study, the authors sought to determine whether episodic memory reduction is a primary effect of nicotine withdrawal during tobacco abstinence. Heavy smokers were tested when smoking normally and following 24 hrs of abstinence. Participants were tested with a recognition memory task in which items were studied under full and divided attention conditions. Forward digit span and backward digit span were also included as control measures. Withdrawal was associated with a reduction in memory performance that was independent of attention at encoding. The authors conclude that impairment of episodic memory is a primary effect of nicotine withdrawal during tobacco abstinence. Further research is required to determine if this is associated with continued use of tobacco and cessation failures. 相似文献
152.
Luke Russell 《Philosophical Studies》2010,149(2):231-250
It is intuitively plausible that not every evildoer is an evil person. In order to make sense of this intuition we need to
construct an account of evil personhood in addition to an account of evil action. Some philosophers have offered aggregative
accounts of evil personhood, but these do not fit well with common intuitions about the explanatory power of evil personhood,
the possibility of moral reform, and the relationship between evil and luck. In contrast, a dispositional account of evil
personhood can allow that evil is explanatory, that an evil person can become good, and that luck might prevent evil persons
from doing evil or cause non-evil persons to do evil. Yet the dispositional account of evil personhood implies that some evil
persons are blameless, which seems to clash with the intuition that evil persons deserve our strongest moral condemnation.
Moreover, since it is likely that a large proportion of us are disposed to perform evil actions in some environments, the
dispositional account threatens to label a large proportion of people evil. In this paper I consider a range of possible modifications
to the dispositional account that might bring it more closely into alignment with our intuitions about moral condemnation
and the rarity of evil persons. According to the most plausible of these theories, S is an evil person if S is strongly disposed
to perform evil actions when in conditions that favour S’s autonomy. 相似文献
153.
Sexuality education is heavily gendered at adolescence. This study uses data from a national web survey of 631 U.S. mothers of 3 to 6 year old children to test whether similar gender differences exist in what mothers teach their young children about sexuality and reproduction. We test (a) whether mothers will report talking more with daughters or sons about sexuality related issues, and (b) whether mothers will report greater comfort talking about such issues with daughters or sons. We find (a) that mothers talk more to daughters than sons about romantic relationships, reproductive bodies, and morality, but not about sexual abuse or intercourse/pleasure. We find (b) mixed results regarding mothers’ comfort in talking with daughters or sons about sexuality. 相似文献
154.
This article clarifies two sources of ambiguity surrounding the relation between extraversion and positive affect. First, positive affect is defined differently across major models of the structure of affect. Second, no previous research has examined potentially diverging associations of lower‐order aspects of extraversion (i.e., assertiveness and enthusiasm) with positive affect. Australian (Study 1: N = 437, 78% female, Mage = 20.41) and American (Study 2: N = 262, 39% female, Mage = 33.86) participants completed multiple measures of extraversion and positive affect. Correlations were employed to examine relations among these measures. In both studies, extraversion was most clearly associated with positive affect as conceptualized within a major factor model of affect—specifically, as positive activation (Watson & Tellegen, 1985)—rather than the valence‐based conceptualization of positive affect provided by a circumplex model of affect (Russell, 1980). This was also the case for the assertiveness and enthusiasm aspects of extraversion. Our findings clarify the nature of the positive affective component of extraversion, which is best described in terms of both positive valence and high activation. 相似文献
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158.
Luke Timothy Johnson 《Modern Theology》1998,14(2):165-180
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160.
Two studies examine the consequences of distinguishing between self-report responses on the Eysenck Personality Profiler (Eysenck
et al. The European Journal of Psychological Assessment 8: 109–117, 1992) in terms of Cloninger’s concepts of Temperament and Character (Cloninger et al. Archives of General Psychiatry 50: 975–990,
1993). Character is thought to reflect conscious, maturation-related influences on personality, while Temperament is thought to
reflect instinctive, biologically-based influences. In Study one, one-hundred and thirty-three participants (76.6% female)
classify primary scales of the Eysenck Personality Profiler as relating to Character or Temperament. Impulsiveness, Anxiety
and Aggression are perceived as the most Temperament-based scales, while Responsibility, Manipulativeness and Assertiveness
are perceived as the most Character-based scales. In Study two, one-hundred and seventy-seven participants (74.4% female)
complete the Eysenck Personality Profiler using the standard response scale, while one-hundred and thirty-eight participants
(62.3% female) complete the Eysenck Personality Profiler using a scale which distinguishes between Character and Temperament.
Results demonstrate differences in the factor structure and concurrent validity of the Eysenck Personality Profiler when scoring
distinguishes between Temperament and Character. We conclude that the concepts of Temperament and Character might usefully
be applied to Eysenck’s personality taxonomy.
相似文献
Chris J. JacksonEmail: |