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181.
A matching-to-sample procedure was used to investigate whether 9-year-old children would demonstrate the emergence of a derived compound-sample conditional discrimination following training in four interrelated single-sample conditional discriminations and vice versa, as adults did in previous studies. In Experiment 1, three out of three children demonstrated the emergence of a compound-sample conditional discrimination following training in four single-sample conditional discriminations. In Experiment 2, two out of three children acquired a compound-sample conditional discrimination and they demonstrated the emergence of four single-sample conditional discriminations; one of them did so only after being exposed to a remediation training and testing procedure. Training variables that facilitated discrimination emergence in both directions are discussed. In general, results showed that the sophisticated learning skills that are supposedly possessed by adults are not required to demonstrate the two types of derived control under study. 相似文献
182.
In comparison with other modalities, the recognition of emotion in music has received little attention. An unexplored question is whether and how emotion recognition in music changes as a function of ageing. In the present study, healthy adults aged between 17 and 84 years (N=114) judged the magnitude to which a set of musical excerpts (Vieillard et al., 2008) expressed happiness, peacefulness, sadness and fear/threat. The results revealed emotion-specific age-related changes: advancing age was associated with a gradual decrease in responsiveness to sad and scary music from middle age onwards, whereas the recognition of happiness and peacefulness, both positive emotional qualities, remained stable from young adulthood to older age. Additionally, the number of years of music training was associated with more accurate categorisation of the musical emotions examined here. We argue that these findings are consistent with two accounts on how ageing might influence the recognition of emotions: motivational changes towards positivity and, to a lesser extent, selective neuropsychological decline. 相似文献
183.
Previous research on the role of negative emotions in social bargaining games has focused primarily on social emotions such as anger and guilt. In this article, we provide a test for behavioural differences between two prototypical decision-related negative emotions-regret and disappointment-in one-shot social dilemma games. Three experiments with two different emotion-induction procedures (autobiographical recall and imagined scenarios) and two different games (the ultimatum game and the 10-coin give-some game) revealed that regret increased prosocial behaviour, whereas disappointment decreased prosocial behaviour. These results extend previous findings concerning differences between regret and disappointment to interdependent (social) situations. 相似文献
184.
185.
Luis Oceja Tamara Ambrona Belén López-Pérez Sergio Salgado Marisol Villegas 《Motivation and emotion》2010,34(2):110-119
Feeling empathy for one person in need while being aware of others may increase the motivational ambivalence between the motive
of helping the one and the motive of helping the others, and such motivational ambivalence may reduce the helping directed
to the person in need. To test these hypotheses we carried out three studies in which participants were faced with a real
case of a child in need. In Study 1, empathy, awareness of others and motivational ambivalence were allowed to occur naturally
and subsequently measured. In Study 2, empathy and awareness of others were experimentally manipulated, and motivational ambivalence
measured. In Study 3, we tested how empathy and motivational ambivalence influenced an actual helping decision. Taken together,
the results supported our two hypotheses. The present research offers insight into processes not previously considered in
the research, but which may influence decisions about assistance to others in need. 相似文献
186.
Luis Carlos Delgado Pandelis Perakakis Gustavo Reyes del Paso 《Behaviour research and therapy》2010,48(9):873-882
The present study examines psychological and physiological indices of emotional regulation in non-clinical high worriers after a mindfulness-based training programme aimed at reducing worry. Thirty-six female university students with high Penn State Worry Questionnaire scores were split into two equal intervention groups: (a) mindfulness, and (b) progressive muscle relaxation plus self-instruction to postpone worrying to a specific time of the day. Assessment included clinical questionnaires, daily self-report of number/duration of worry episodes and indices of emotional meta-cognition. A set of somatic and autonomic measures was recorded (a) during resting, mindfulness/relaxation and worrying periods, and (b) during cued and non-cued affective modulation of defence reactions (cardiac defence and eye-blink startle). Both groups showed equal post-treatment improvement in the clinical and daily self-report measures. However, mindfulness participants reported better emotional meta-cognition (emotional comprehension) and showed improved indices of somatic and autonomic regulation (reduced breathing pattern and increased vagal reactivity during evocation of cardiac defense). These findings suggest that mindfulness reduces chronic worry by promoting emotional and physiological regulatory mechanisms contrary to those maintaining chronic worry. 相似文献
187.
We tested the hypothesis that people are more likely to offer aid when the beneficiary of help is congruent with the entity that initiates prosocial action. In 2 experiments conducted in 2 different countries, participants were approached in naturalistic settings with an appeal for help. The target in need (individual vs. individual among others with the same need) and the beneficiary of potential help (individual vs. group) were manipulated. Results revealed that participants were more likely to offer aid when the target in need and beneficiary of help were congruent. The present research offers insight into perceptual factors that affect prosocial behavior in situations involving more than one victim. 相似文献
188.
Vieira ML Seidl-de-Moura ML Macarini SM Martins GD Lordelo Eda R Tokumaru RS Oliva AD 《The Spanish journal of psychology》2010,13(2):818-826
This study aimed to investigate characteristics of Brazilian mothers' beliefs system, in the dimensions of autonomy and interdependence. A group of 600 women, half from state capitals and half from small towns, participated in the study. They were individually interviewed with Scales of Allocentrism, Beliefs about Parental Practices and Socialization Goals. Paired and Independent samples t tests and Multivariate GLM were performed. The results indicate that although mothers from both contexts value autonomy, mothers inhabiting small towns considered the relational dimension as the most important; whereas mothers inhabiting capitals valued equally both dimensions, either in their beliefs about practices or in the socialization goals for their children. Mothers from small towns have a higher mean score for allocentrism than mothers living in capitals. Thus, place of residence proved to be a relevant variable in the modulation of maternal beliefs. Educational level was not a significant factor in the variables considered and with this group of mothers. The study results are discussed in terms of their contribution to the understanding of the complex relationship between dimensions of autonomy and interdependence in mothers' beliefs system. 相似文献
189.
Luis Angeles 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2010,11(4):539-538
We investigate the relationship between having children at home and life satisfaction. Contrary to much of the literature,
our results are consistent with an effect of children on life satisfaction that is positive, large and increasing in the number
of children. The effect, however, is contingent on the individual’s characteristics. In particular, our findings are consistent
with children making married people better off, while most unmarried individuals appear to be worse off with children. We
also analyze the role of factors such as gender, age, income and education. 相似文献
190.
Yanil Hepp Luis María Pérez-Cuesta Héctor Maldonado María Eugenia Pedreira 《Animal cognition》2010,13(3):391-403
A decline in the frequency or intensity of a conditioned behavior following the withdrawal of the reinforcement is called
experimental extinction. However, the experimental manipulation necessary to trigger memory reconsolidation or extinction
is to expose the animal to the conditioned stimulus in the absence of reinforcement. Recovery protocols were used to reveal
which of these two processes was developed. By using the crab contextual memory model (a visual danger stimulus associated
with the training context), we investigated the dynamics of extinction memory in Chasmagnathus. Here, we reveal the presence of three recovery protocols that restore the original memory: the old memory comes back 4 days
after the extinction training, or when a weak training is administered later, or once the VDS is presented in a novel context
24 h after the extinction session. Another objective was to evaluate whether the administration of multi-trial extinction
training could trigger an extinction memory in Chasmagnathus. The results evince that the extinction memory appears only when the total re-exposure time is around 90 min independently
of the number of trials employed to accumulate it. Thus, it is feasible that the mechanisms described for the case of the
extinction memory acquired through a single training trial are valid for multi-trial extinction protocols. Finally, these
results are in agreement with those reports obtained with models phylogenetically far apart from the crab. Behind this attempt
is the idea that in the domain of studies on memory, some principles of behavior organization and basic mechanisms have universal
validity. 相似文献