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51.
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Understanding animals’ abilities to cooperate with and learn from each other has been an active field of research in recent
years. One important basis for all types of social interactions is the disposition of animals to pay attention to each other—a
factor often neglected in discussions and experiments. Since attention differs between species as well as between individuals,
it is likely to influence the amount and type of information different species and/or observers may extract from conspecifics
in any given situation. Here, we carried out a standardized comparative study on attention towards a model demonstrating food-related
behavior in keas, dogs and children. In a series of experimental sessions, individuals watched different conspecific models
while searching, manipulating and feeding. Visual access to the demonstration was provided by two observation holes, which
allowed us to determine exactly how often and for how long observers watched the model. We found profound differences in the
factors that influence attention within as well as between the tested species. This study suggests that attention should be
incorporated as an important variable when testing species in social situations. 相似文献
53.
The mechanism underlying inhibition of saccadic return 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Casimir J.H. Ludwig Simon Farrell Lucy A. Ellis Iain D. Gilchrist 《Cognitive psychology》2009,59(2):180-202
Human observers take longer to re-direct gaze to a previously fixated location. Although there has been some exploration of the characteristics of inhibition of saccadic return (ISR), the exact mechanisms by which ISR operates are currently unknown. In the framework of accumulation models of response times, in which evidence is integrated over time to a response threshold, ISR could reflect a reduction in the rate of accumulation for saccades to return locations or an increase in the effective criterion for response. In two experiments, participants generated sequences of three saccades, in response to a peripheral or a central cue. ISR occurred across these manipulations: saccade latency was consistently increased for movements to the immediately previously fixated location. Latency distributions from individual observers were fit with a Linear Ballistic Accumulator model. ISR was best accounted for as a change in the accumulation rate. We suggest this parameter represents the overall desirability of a particular course of action, the evidence for which may be derived from a variety of sensory and non-sensory sources. 相似文献
54.
Robbie M. Cooper Angela C. Rowe Ian S. Penton-Voak Casimir Ludwig 《Journal of research in personality》2009,43(4):643-652
The primary goal of the current study was to examine the allocation of attention to emotional facial stimuli as a function of adult attachment orientation. Using a modified version of the spatial cueing paradigm we examined these effects in three experiments. In each experiment predictable cue validity effects were observed and these effects were always modulated by the expression of the facial cue. Furthermore, the magnitude of these cue validity effects was also influenced by individual differences in both adult attachment orientation and anxiety. The direction of these effects, however, was not consistent across experiments and did not replicate previous findings. We conclude that this paradigm may not usefully elucidate the processes underlying the allocation of attention to emotional stimuli. 相似文献
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Ludwig F. Lowenstein 《Counselling psychology quarterly》1994,7(2):99-104
The importance of assessing individuals in a marital conflict is seen as vital. The theoretical position that there are big ‘T’ and little ‘t’ individuals indicated that some members of the relationship are more eager for thrill seeking and being outgoing while little ‘t’ individuals are more eager for harmony and conservative personality traits. This has long been established. There are extremes of this but also these traits are on a continuum. While opposites attract in a relationship, the more individuals have in common, the more likely the marital relationship will work except in one area, that of seeking control or dominance. Here, opposites are likely to be more successful. Areas where there are likely to be difficulties between big ‘T’ and little ‘t’ individuals are in the rates of infidelity where big T's may predominate, also in sexual dissatisfaction and problems, attitudes to love, marital abuse and spouse abuse, child rearing issues, drug and alcohol abuse, the handling of money, household chores and division of labour, recreation interests, and religious differences. While not all of these may come into conflict or may be part of a big ‘T’ or little ‘t’ personality, there is a weighing in one direction rather than in the other. In order for rehabilitation between marital partners, it is important for each to understand the strengths and weaknesses of the other's personality, be they big ‘T’ or little ‘t’ individuals. Approaches by counsellors, psychologists to these individual differences are discussed. 相似文献
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Retest reliability of the Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration Study and similar semiprojective techniques
Surveys the evidence for the reliability of the Adult, Adolescent and Children's Forms of the Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration (P-F) Study. Analysis of variance and split-half methods, which assume item homogeneity and internal consistency, may be appropriate to psychometric tests, but they are not apposite to projective and semi-projective techniques. The implications of applying such criteria are critically examined, with the P-F Study as an example to demonstrate their nonapplicability. Investigations on retest (total test) reliability from the laboratory of the senior author and from those of other investigators demonstrate statistically significant consistency for the main scoring categories of the P-F, especially those relating to directions of aggression. Implications for other semiprojective techniques are expounded. 相似文献
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David Ludwig 《Journal for General Philosophy of Science》2014,45(1):119-131
The aim of this article is to discuss the nature of disagreement in scientific ontologies in the light of case studies from biology and cognitive science. I argue that disagreements in scientific ontologies are usually not about purely factual issues but involve both verbal and normative aspects. Furthermore, I try to show that this partly non-factual character of disagreement in scientific ontologies does not lead to a radical deflationism but is compatible with a “normative ontological realism.” Finally, I argue that the case studies from the empirical sciences challenge contemporary metaontological accounts that insist on exactly one true way of “carving nature at its joints.” 相似文献