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21.
Saccade curvature is becoming a popular measure for detecting the presence of competing saccadic motor programs. Several different
methods of quantifying saccade curvature have been employed. In the present study, we compared these metrics with each other
and with novel measures based on curve fitting. Initial deviation metrics were only moderately associated with the more widely
used metric of maximum curvature. The latter was strongly related to a recently developed area-based measure and to the novel
methods based on second- and third-order polynomial fits. The curve-fitting methods showed that although most saccades curved
in only one direction, there was a population of trajectories with both a maximum and a minimum (i.e., double-curved saccades).
We argue that a curvature metric based on a quadratic polynomial fit deals effectively with both types of trajectories and,
because it is based on all the samples of a saccade, is less susceptible to sampling noise. 相似文献
22.
23.
Advice is a common but potentially problematic way to respond to someone who is distressed. Politeness theory (Brown & Levinson, 1987) suggests advice threatens a hearer's face and predicts that the speaker‐hearer relationship and the use of politeness strategies can mitigate face threat and enhance the effectiveness of advice messages. Students (N=384) read 1 of 16 hypothetical situations that varied in speaker power and closeness of the speaker‐hearer relationship. Students then read 1 of 48 advice messages representing different politeness strategies and rated the message for regard shown for face and for effectiveness. However, neither speaker‐hearer relationship nor politeness strategies was consistently associated with perceived threat to face or perceived advice effectiveness. We suggest revisions to politeness theory and additional factors that may affect judgments of face sensitivity and advice effectiveness. 相似文献
24.
25.
Ludwig von Bertalanffy 《Erkenntnis》1930,1(1):361-407
Ohne Zusammenfassung
Die folgende Abhandlung ist die bedeutend erweiterte Ausarbeitung eines Vortrages, welcher am 9. Januar 1929 in einer Allgemeinen
Versammlung der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, am 15. Oktober 1929 vor der Gesellschaft für empirische Philosophie
in Berlin und am 30. Oktober 1929 in der Kantgesellschaft Karlsruhe gehalten wurde. Bei der Ausarbeitung wurde vor allem Bedacht
genommen, Tatsachen und Theorien, die sich bereits in des Verf.s „Kritischer Theorie der Formbildung” (Schaxels Abh. z. th.
B. 27, Berlin 1928) dargestellt finden, nur kurz zu behandeln, andererseits aber das genannte Werk hier durch die Verarbeitung
der dort noch nicht behandelten Ergebnisse zu erg?nzen. Auch in die Literaturangabe wurden im allgemeinen nur an jenem Orte
nicht angegebene Werke aufgenommen. Auf das erw?hnte Buch, das eine umfassende, kritische Darstellung der Theorien der Formbildung
zum Ziele hat, sei hier ein für allemal hingewiesen. 相似文献
26.
27.
Jannis Liedtke Dagmar Werdenich Gyula K. Gajdon Ludwig Huber Ralf Wanker 《Animal cognition》2011,14(1):143-149
The trap-tube task has become a benchmark test for investigating physical causality in vertebrates. In this task, subjects
have to retrieve food out of a horizontal tube using a tool and avoiding a trap hole in the tube. Great apes and corvids succeeded
in this task. Parrots with relative brain volumes comparable to those of corvids and primates also demonstrate high cognitive
abilities. We therefore tested macaws, a cockatoo, and keas on the trap-tube paradigm. All nine parrots failed to solve the
task. In a simplified task, trap tubes with a slot inserted along the top were offered. The slot allowed the birds to move
the reward directly with their bills. All but one individual solved this task by lifting the food over the trap. However,
the parrots failed again when they were prevented from lifting the reward, although they anticipated that food will be lost
when moved into the trap. We do not think that the demanding use of an external object is the main reason for the parrots’
failure. Moreover, we suppose these parrots fail to consider the trap’s position in the beginning of a trial and were not
able to stop their behaviour and move the reward in the trap’s opposite direction. 相似文献
28.
Hierarchical (or multilevel) statistical models have become increasingly popular in psychology in the last few years. In this article, we consider the application of multilevel modeling to the ex-Gaussian, a popular model of response times. We compare single-level and hierarchical methods for estimation of the parameters of ex-Gaussian distributions. In addition, for each approach, we compare maximum likelihood estimation with Bayesian estimation. A set of simulations and analyses of parameter recovery show that although all methods perform adequately well, hierarchical methods are better able to recover the parameters of the ex-Gaussian, by reducing variability in the recovered parameters. At each level, little overall difference was observed between the maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods. 相似文献
29.
One of the fundamental issues in the study of animal cognition concerns categorization. Although domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) are on the brink to become one of the model animals in animal psychology, their categorization abilities are unknown. This
is probably largely due to the absence of an adequate method for testing dogs’ ability to discriminate between large sets
of pictures in the absence of human cueing. Here we present a computer-automated touch-screen testing procedure, which enabled
us to test visual discrimination in dogs while social cueing was ruled out. Using a simultaneous discrimination procedure,
we first trained dogs (N = 4) to differentiate between a set of dog pictures (N = 40) and an equally large set of landscape pictures. All subjects learned to discriminate between the two sets and showed
successful transfer to novel pictures. Interestingly, presentation of pictures providing contradictive information (novel
dog pictures mounted on familiar landscape pictures) did not disrupt performance, which suggests that the dogs made use of
a category-based response rule with classification being coupled to category-relevant features (of the dog) rather than to
item-specific features (of the background). We conclude that dogs are able to classify photographs of natural stimuli by means
of a perceptual response rule using a newly established touch-screen procedure.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
30.
Social foraging is suggested to increase foraging efficiency, as individuals might benefit from public information acquired
by monitoring the foraging activities of other group members. We conducted a series experiments with captive common marmosets
(Callithrix jacchus) to investigate to what extent marmosets utilize social information about food location when foraging simultaneously with
conspecifics. Subjects were confronted with dominant and subordinate demonstrators in three experiments which differed in
the amount of information about food location available to the demonstrators. In all three experiments, the focal subjects’
performance in the social condition was not enhanced in comparison to a non-social control condition. Because we could rule
out kleptoparasitism and aggressive displacements as explanations, we argue that the subjects’ tendency for scramble competition
by avoiding others and dispersing over the foraging area seems to inhibit or mask the acquisition of social information about
the location of rewarded patches. 相似文献