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481.
Martine Roussel Eugénie Lhommée Pauline Narme Virginie Czernecki Didier Le Gall Pierre Krystkowiak 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2017,24(5):496-507
The objectives of this study were to characterize the frequencies and profiles of behavioral and cognitive dysexecutive syndromes in PD (based on validated battery and diagnostic criteria) and to develop a shortened diagnostic battery. Eighty-eight non-demented patients with a diagnosis of PD were examined with an executive validated battery. Using a validated framework, the patients’ test results were interpreted with respect to normative data from 780 controls. A dysexecutive syndrome was observed in 80.6% of the patients [95% confidence interval: 71.1–90.1]. The dysexecutive profile was characterized by prominent impairments in deduction, flexibility, inhibition and initiation in the cognitive domain, and by global hypoactivity with apathy and hyperactivity in the behavioral domain. This finding implies that patients with PD should be assessed with cognitive tests and a validated inventory for behavioral dysexecutive syndromes. A shortened battery (based on three cognitive tests and three behavioral domains) provided high diagnostic accuracy. 相似文献
482.
Unlike most objects, faces are processed holistically: They are processed as a whole rather than as a collection of independent features. We examined the role of early visual experience in the development of this type of processing of faces by using the composite-face task, a measure of holistic processing, to test patients deprived of visual experience during infancy. Visually normal control subjects showed the expected composite-face effect: They had difficulty perceiving that the top halves of two faces were the same when the top halves were aligned with different bottom halves. Performance improved when holistic processing was disrupted by misaligning the top and bottom halves. Deprived patients, in contrast, showed no evidence of holistic processing, and in fact performed significantly better than control subjects when top and bottom halves were aligned. These findings suggest that early visual experience is necessary to set up or maintain the neural substrate that leads to holistic processing of faces. 相似文献
483.
The authors reflect on the intentional model of relationship building in Clinical Pastoral Education (CPE) and its roots in the Western concept of the self as a rational, autonomous, and bounded agent. They compare the Western idea to the Confucian two-dimensional self orientation as relational as well as autonomous, and discuss possible difficulties that Asian students from Confucian background may encounter entering CPE. The chaplains explore implications and suggestions for how CPE supervisors and students may enter into dialogue in order to create mutual understanding and help Asian students translate CPE learning methods into meaningful cultural contexts. 相似文献
484.
The authors present a practical guide for studying nonstationary data on human motor behavior in a time-frequency representation. They explain the limits of classical methods founded exclusively on the time or frequency basis and then answer those limits with the windowed Fourier transform and the wavelet transform (WT) methods, both of which are founded on time-frequency bases. The authors stress an interest in the WT method because it permits access to the whole complexity of a signal (in terms of time, frequency, amplitude, and phase). They then show that the WT method is well suited for the analysis of the interaction between two signals, particularly in human movement studies. Finally, to demonstrate its practical applications, the authors apply the method to real data. 相似文献
485.
Mondloch CJ Geldart S Maurer D Le Grand R 《Journal of experimental child psychology》2003,86(1):67-84
Expertise in processing differences among faces in the spacing among facial features (second-order relations) is slower to develop than expertise in processing the shape of individual features or the shape of the external contour. To determine the impact of the slow development of sensitivity to second-order relations on various face-processing skills, we developed five computerized tasks that require matching faces on the basis of identity (with changed facial expression or head orientation), facial expression, gaze direction, and sound being spoken. In Experiment 1, we evaluated the influence of second-order relations on performance on each task by presenting them to adults (N=48) who viewed the faces either upright or inverted. Previous studies have shown that inversion has a larger effect on tasks that require processing the spacing among features than it does on tasks that can be solved by processing the shape of individual features. Adults showed an inversion effect for only one task: matching facial identity when there was a change in head orientation. In Experiment 2, we administered the same tasks to children aged 6, 8, and 10 years (N=72). Compared to adults, 6-year-olds made more errors on every task and 8-year-olds made more errors on three of the five tasks: matching direction of gaze and the two facial identity tasks. Ten-year-olds made more errors than adults on only one task: matching facial identity when there was a change in head orientation (e.g., from frontal to tilted up). Together, the results indicate that the slow development of sensitivity to second-order relations causes children to be especially poor at recognizing the identity of a face when it is seen in a new orientation. 相似文献
486.
In the present study, we tested a computer-based procedure for assessing very concise summaries (50 words long) of two types
of text (narrative and expository) using latent semantic analysis (LSA) in comparison with the judgments of four human experts.
LSA was used to estimate semantic similarity using six different methods: four holistic (summary-text, summary-summaries,
summary-expert summaries, and pregraded-ungraded summary) and two componential (summary-sentence text and summary-main sentence
text). A total of 390 Spanish middle and high school students (14–16 years old) and six experts read a narrative or expository
text and later summarized it. The results support the viability of developing a computerized assessment tool using human judgments
and LSA, although the correlation between human judgments and LSA was higher in the narrative text than in the expository,
and LSA correlated more with human content ratings than with human coherence ratings. Finally, the holistic methods were found
to be more reliable than the componential methods analyzed in this study. 相似文献
487.
Two masked priming experiments were conducted to examine phonological priming of bisyllabic words in French, and in particular, whether it operates sequentially or in parallel. Bisyllabic target words were primed by pseudowords that shared either the first or the second phonological syllable of the target. Overlap of the first syllable only-not the second-produced facilitation in both the lexical decision and the naming tasks. These findings suggest that, for polysyllabic words, phonological codes are computed sequentially during silent reading and reading aloud. 相似文献
488.
489.
Poirier R Chichery R Dickel L 《Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)》2005,119(2):230-237
This study investigates effects of the environment on the maturation of body patterns in cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis). Cuttlefish were reared either individually on a uniform background, which the authors have termed uniform-solitary conditions (Group A), or grouped on variegated backgrounds, which the authors have termed varied-social conditions (Group B). At Days 1, 15, 30, and 60, juveniles were placed individually in perceptually different testing conditions, either on small, variegated stones or on a uniform pale gray background. During development in both testing conditions, juveniles from Group B concealed themselves differently from those from Group A. Thus, it appears that the response to the background is subject to individual experience. Some hypotheses are discussed relating to the effect of early experience on the maturation of body patterns. 相似文献
490.
Young and older adults completed a parity judgment task (i.e., judging whether a target digit was odd or even) in which target
numbers were preceded by masked prime numbers presented for 43 msec. Targets were either congruent (i.e., they had the same
parity status as their primes) or incongruent (i.e., odd primes were paired with even targets, and even primes were paired
with odd targets). Response times, percent errors, and event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded for all items to compare
automatic stimulus—response association (ASRA) and congruence effects (i.e., better performance on congruent than on incongruent
trials) across age groups. Two important original sets of findings were obtained in this sample of participants. First, both
age groups showed ASRA effects in behavioral measures. Second, age-related differences were observed in amplitude, timing,
and scalp distributions for each congruent and incongruent ERP. These findings have implications for furthering the understanding
of ASRA effects and of general characteristics of cognitive processes affected (or not affected) by aging. 相似文献