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41.
In the standard Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), participants have to choose repeatedly from four options. Each option is characterized by a constant gain, and by the frequency and amount of a probabilistic loss. Crone and van der Molen (2004) reported that school-aged children and even adolescents show marked deficits in IGT performance. In this study, we have re-analyzed the data with a multivariate normal mixture analysis to show that these developmental changes can be explained by a shift from unidimensional to multidimensional proportional reasoning (Siegler, 1981; Jansen & van der Maas, 2002). More specifically, the results show a gradual shift with increasing age from (a) guessing with a slight tendency to consider frequency of loss to (b) focusing on frequency of loss, to (c) considering both frequency and amount of probabilistic loss. In the latter case, participants only considered options with low-frequency loss and then chose the option with the lowest amount of loss. Performance improved in a reversed task, in which punishment was placed up front and gain was delivered unexpectedly. In this reversed task, young children are guessing with already a slight tendency to consider both the frequency and amount of gain; this strategy becomes more pronounced with age. We argue that these findings have important implications for the interpretation of IGT performance, as well as for methods to analyze this performance. 相似文献
42.
Eddie M. W. Tong George D. Bishop Hwee Chong Enkelmann Yong Peng Why Siew Maan Diong Majeed Khader Jansen Ang 《Journal of personality》2009,77(4):1103-1136
ABSTRACT In light of the lack of studies examining the cognitive components of affective chronometry, this research examined the appraisals associated with emotion habituation, using anger as the emotion of focus. Anger and its appraisals were assessed repeatedly over a day in the participants' naturalistic contexts. The trajectory of decline in anger over time after its first appearance was found to be a function of chronic coping styles. More importantly, the trajectories of anger-related appraisals generally corresponded to that of anger and were also moderated by coping styles in ways consistent with the moderating effects of coping styles on anger. Implications of these results for affective chronometry research and for appraisal research are discussed. 相似文献
43.
For various domains in proportional reasoning cognitive development is characterized as a progression through a series of
increasingly complex rules. A multiplicative relationship between two task features, such as weight and distance information
of blocks placed at both sides of the fulcrum of a balance scale, appears difficult to discover. During development, children
change their beliefs about the balance scale several times: from a focus on the weight dimension (Rule I) to occasionally
considering the distance dimension (Rule II), guessing (Rule III), and applying multiplication (Rule IV; Siegler, 1981). Because
of the detailed empirical findings the balance scale task has become a benchmark task for computational models of proportional
reasoning.
In this article, we present a large empirical study (N = 420) of which the findings provide a challenge for computational models. The effect of feedback and the effect of individually
adapted training items on rule transition were tested for children using Rule I or Rule II. Presenting adapted training items
initiates belief revision for Rule I but not for Rule II. The experience of making mistakes (by providing feedback) induces
a change for both Rule I and Rule II. However, a delayed posttest shows that these changes are preserved after 2 weeks only
for children using Rule I. We conclude that the transition from Rule I to Rule II differs from the transition from Rule II
to a more complex rule. Concerning these empirical findings, we will review performance of computational models and the implications
for a future belief revision model.
It is one Thing, to show a Man that he is in an Error, and another, to put him in possession of Truth. John Locke相似文献
44.
Consideration will be given to a model developed by Rasch that assumes scores observed on some types of attainment tests can
be regarded as realizations of a Poisson process. The parameter of the Poisson distribution is assumed to be a product of
two other parameters, one pertaining to the ability of the subject and a second pertaining to the difficulty of the test.
Rasch's model is expanded by assuming a prior distribution, with fixed but unknown parameters, for the subject parameters.
The test parameters are considered fixed. Secondly, it will be shown how additional between- and within-subjects factors can
be incorporated. Methods for testing the fit and estimating the parameters of the model will be discussed, and illustrated
by empirical examples. 相似文献
45.
Karl L. R. Jansen 《Journal of Near-Death Studies》1997,16(1):5-26
Near-death experiences (NDEs) can be reproduced by ketamine via blockade of receptors in the brain for the neurotransmitter glutamate, the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Conditions that precipitate NDEs, such as hypoxia, ischemia, hypoglycemia, and temporal lobe epilepsy, have been shown to release a flood of glutamate, overactivating NMDA receptors and resulting in neurotoxicity. Ketamine prevents this neurotoxicity. There are substances in the brain that bind to the same receptor site as ketamine. Conditions that trigger a glutamate flood may also trigger a flood of neuroprotective agents that bind to NMDA receptors to protect cells, leading to an altered state of consciousness like that produced by ketamine. 相似文献
46.
Jansen LA 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》2000,21(3):261-275
Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics - We are currently in the midst of a revival of interest in thevirtues. A number of contemporary moral philosophers havedefended a virtue-based approach to... 相似文献
47.
Sascha Schwarz Lisa Klümper Markus Thomas Jansen Maria Agthe 《Social and Personality Psychology Compass》2023,17(12):e12914
Violations against mitigation actions to prevent the spreading of the SARS-CoV-2 virus causing COVID-19, such as not wearing a mask or not practicing social distancing, were seen as immoral and could also increase the likelihood of spreading the virus. In two studies (N1 = 318, N2 = 293), we found that moral and pathogen disgust sensitivity differentially predicted perceptions of such COVID-19 violations against mitigation actions, framed as a moral, pathogen, or on a good-bad dimension, albeit in a less specific way than initially hypothesized (e.g., regarding the pathogenic framed violations, not only pathogen but also moral disgust was associated with higher perceptions of infectiousness). These results suggest that individual differences, especially in pathogen disgust (and, more inconsistently, moral disgust), are important when evaluating violations against mitigation actions. Further research on the role of moral disgust is needed. 相似文献
48.
This study examined implicit and explicit attitudes toward high-fat foods in obese (n = 30) and normal-weight controls (n = 31). The Implicit Association Test (A. G. Greenwald, D. E. McGee, & J. L. K. Schwartz, 1998) was used to measure the differential association of the 2 target categories--high-fat vs. low-fat food words--with an attribute dimension (positive vs. negative). Results suggest that obese people are characterized by a significantly stronger implicit negative attitude toward high-fat foods than are normal-weight controls. This implicit negative attitude is contradictory to their preferences and behavior: Several studies indicate that obese people prefer and consume high-fat foods. Apparently, obese people like the taste of high-fat foods but not the fat content itself, not only on the explicit but also on the implicit level. 相似文献
49.
The development of children's rule use on the balance scale task 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Cognitive development can be characterized by a sequence of increasingly complex rules or strategies for solving problems. Our work focuses on the development of children's proportional reasoning, assessed by the balance scale task using Siegler's (1976, 1981) rule assessment methodology. We studied whether children use rules, whether children of different ages use qualitatively different rules, and whether rules are used consistently. Nonverbal balance scale problems were administered to 805 participants between 5 and 19 years of age. Latent class analyses indicate that children use rules, that children of different ages use different rules, and that both consistent and inconsistent use of rules occurs. A model for the development of reasoning about the balance scale task is proposed. The model is a restricted form of the overlapping waves model (Siegler, 1996) and predicts both discontinuous and gradual transitions between rules. 相似文献
50.
Charlotte A. M. L. Geluk Lieke van Domburgh Theo A. H. Doreleijers Lucres M. C. Jansen Samantha Bouwmeester Francisca Galindo Garre Robert Vermeiren 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2014,42(4):669-680
The presence of clusters characterized by distinct profiles of individual, family and peer characteristics among childhood arrestees was investigated and cluster membership stability after 2 years was determined. Identification of such clusters in this heterogeneous at-risk group can extend insight into the presence and severity of children’s co-occurring problems and guide intervention and prevention efforts. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to detect clusters among 308 childhood arrestees (mean age 10.7 years), based on dichotomous dynamic correlates of offending present at the time of first arrest. Correlates in the individual, peer and family domains were assessed at baseline and 2-year follow-up, using standardized instruments. This resulted in identification of a low problem group characterized by few problems across all domains (40.2 %), an externalizing intermediate problem group characterized by mainly externalizing problems on the individual and peer domains (39.4 %), and a pervasive high problem group characterized by numerous problems across all domains (20.4 %). Cluster membership was most stable for the low problem group (71.4 %), followed by the externalizing intermediate problem group (49.5 %). Transition was highest in the pervasive high problem group (63.0 %), with the majority of children progressing to the externalizing intermediate problem group. The identification of such distinct clusters among childhood arrestees, differing in the presence of co-occurring problems, stresses the importance of a first police arrest as an opportunity for early recognition of children in need of care. As problems present at the time of first arrest do not persist in every child, careful periodic monitoring is needed. 相似文献