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161.
Kosic A Kruglanski AW Pierro A Mannetti L 《Journal of personality and social psychology》2004,86(6):796-813
Three studies found support for the notion that immigrants' acculturation to the host culture is interactively determined by their need for cognitive closure (A. W. Kruglanski & D. M. Webster, 1996) and the reference group they forge on their arrival. If such reference group is fashioned by close social relations with coethnics, the higher the immigrants' need for closure, the weaker their tendency to assimilate to the new culture and the stronger their tendency to adhere to the culture of origin. By contrast, if the reference entry group is fashioned by close relations with members of the host country, the higher their need for closure, the stronger their tendency to adapt to the new culture and the weaker their tendency to maintain the culture of origin. These findings obtained consistently across 3 immigrant samples in Italy, 1 Croatian and 2 Polish, and across multiple different measures of acculturation. 相似文献
162.
Mood changes after maximal exercise testing in subjects with symptoms of exercise dependence 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Considering exercise has positive and negative reinforcing properties, the mood states of sedentary, nonexercise-dependent and exercise-dependent volunteers were compared after maximal exercise testing. Mood status was evaluated by the Beck Depression Inventory, Trait-State Anxiety Inventory, and Profile of Mood States (POMS). No differences were detected before the test or after it, indicating little possibility of positive reinforcement. However, a significant reduction in the POMS Tension-Anxiety scores was observed in both exerciser groups (greater in the exercise-dependent group) but not in the sedentary group. Only in the exercise-dependent group were significant reductions in Anger and Total Mood Disorders scores observed compared with their pre-exercise scores. These data suggest that exercising has stronger negative reinforcement properties for exercise-dependent volunteers and is a factor which could increase the odds of their becoming dependent on exercise. 相似文献
163.
Gioacchino Garofalo Barbara F. M. Marino Stefano Bellelli Lucia Riggio 《Cognitive Science》2021,45(3):e12953
We performed three experiments to investigate whether adjectives can modulate the sensorimotor activation elicited by nouns. In Experiment 1, nouns of graspable objects were used as stimuli. Participants had to decide if each noun referred to a natural or artifact, by performing either a precision or a power reach-to-grasp movement. Response grasp could be compatible or incompatible with the grasp typically used to manipulate the objects to which the nouns referred. The results revealed faster reaction times (RTs) in compatible than in incompatible trials. In Experiment 2, the nouns were combined with adjectives expressing either disadvantageous information about object graspability (e.g., sharp) or information about object color (e.g., reddish). No difference in RTs between compatible and incompatible conditions was found when disadvantageous adjectives were used. Conversely, a compatibility effect occurred when color adjectives were combined with nouns referring to natural objects. Finally, in Experiment 3 the nouns were combined with adjectives expressing tactile or shape proprieties of the objects (e.g., long or smooth). Results revealed faster RTs in compatible than in incompatible condition for both noun categories. Taken together, our findings suggest that adjectives can shape the sensorimotor activation elicited by nouns of graspable objects, highlighting that language simulation goes beyond the single-word level. 相似文献
164.
Barbara Krahé Stans de Haas Ine Vanwesenbeeck Gabriel Bianchi Joannes Chliaoutakis Antonio Fuertes Margarida Gaspar de Matos Eleni Hadjigeorgiou Sabine Hellemans Christiana Kouta Dwayne Meijnckens Liubove Murauskiene Maria Papadakaki Lucia Ramiro Marta Reis Katrien Symons Paulina Tomaszewska Isabel Vicario-Molina Andrzej Zygadlo 《Sexuality & culture》2016,20(1):1-23
Examining equivalence in the interpretation of survey items on sexual assault by participants from different cultures is an important step toward building a valid international knowledge base about the prevalence of sexual aggression among young adults. Referring to the theoretical framework of contextualism, this study presents qualitative data from semi-structured interviews with 128 young adults from nine EU countries on their understanding of survey items from the Sexual Aggression and Victimization Scale (SAV-S). The measure had previously been used to collect quantitative data on the prevalence of sexual aggression perpetration and victimization in the same countries that had yielded substantial differences in the rates of victimization and perpetration between countries. Based on the methodological approach of a mixed research design, the current study was conducted as a follow-up to the quantitative study with a new sample to explore whether systematic differences in the interpretation of the survey items in the different countries might explain part of the variation in prevalence rates. The interviews showed that participants from the nine countries interpreted the items of the SAV-S in a similar way and as intended by the authors of the scale. Systematic differences between men and women in interpreting the survey items were revealed. Implications of the findings for conducting survey research on sexual aggression across cultures are discussed. 相似文献
165.
166.
Lucia Raspe 《Jewish History》2016,30(1-2):43-59
This study takes a fresh look at the tale of Rabbi Amram of Mainz, which appears in both Gedalyah ibn Ya?ya’s Hebrew Shalshelet haqabbalah (Venice, 1587) and the Yiddish Mayse bukh (Basel, 1602). Based on the legend of Saint Emmeram of Regensburg, the tale has long been considered a classic case of Jewish narrative borrowing from Christian hagiography. Drawing on both literary and archival sources of both Christian and Jewish provenance to place the tale in its local context, the article shows that the legend’s narrators in fact appropriated the Christian saint in a very sophisticated way. Rather than simply dressing a Jewish hero in a Christian plot, they implied that their own, clearly derivative version was the one containing ultimate religious truth and that the ostensibly more successful Christian cult was a fraud. They thus used their intimate knowledge of Christian legendry to beat the church with its own weapons. In this sense, the narrative does testify to the great attraction that the veneration of saints must have held for medieval Jews; at the same time, it is a monument to its narrators’ sense of self-preservation in the face of the Christian master narrative so dominant in medieval Europe. 相似文献
167.
Inattention/hyperactivity is a childhood outcome of low birth weight. However, the mechanisms by which low birth weight leads
to inattention/hyperactivity are unclear. This study examined arousal, activation, motor speed, and motor coordination as
possible mechanisms, attending to sex differences. 823 children (400 males) from Detroit and surrounding suburbs were assessed
with the Child Behavior Checklist and the Teacher Report Form and completed experimental tasks to assess vigilance and activation
(Continuous Performance Test signal detection parameters) and motor output speed and control (Grooved Pegboard) at 6 years
of age. The relationship between birth weight and inattention/hyperactivity was slightly, but not significantly, stronger
for boys than for girls. Arousal, motor speed, and motor coordination significantly partially mediated the relationship between
birth weight and inattention/hyperactivity for boys and girls. Moderated mediation was found for the pathway between motor
coordination and inattention/hyperactivity such that this relationship was stronger for boys than for girls. Sex differences
in the associated features of attention symptoms may reflect partially distinct etiological pathways. 相似文献
168.
Clara E Regolin L Vallortigara G 《Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes》2007,33(1):12-20
Spontaneous pecking preferences toward symmetric or asymmetric stimuli were tested in newborn chicks (Gallus gallus). A preference for asymmetric patterns was found in na?ve chicks (either 24 or 48 hours old), although a preference for symmetry appeared at retest after chicks had experienced standard rearing conditions (Experiments 1 and 2). Only food-experienced chicks preferred symmetric patterns; food-deprived and hand-fed chicks did not show any preference (Experiment 3). A key factor that allowed for the emergence of a preference for symmetry may relate to the improving of pecking sensorimotor skills occurring during active food manipulation. Possible explanations are discussed for the late emergence of the preference for symmetry and for the preference for asymmetry found in na?ve chicks. 相似文献
169.
The hypothesis that personality characteristics in adolescence can be used to predict religiousness and spiritual seeking in late adulthood was tested using a structural equation modeling framework to estimate cross-lagged and autoregressive effects in a two-wave panel design. The sample consisted of 209 men and women participants in the Berkeley Guidance and Oakland Growth studies. In late adulthood, religiousness was positively related to Conscientiousness and Agreeableness, and spiritual seeking was related to Openness to Experience. Longitudinal models indicated that Conscientiousness in adolescence significantly predicted religiousness in late adulthood above and beyond adolescent religiousness. Similarly, Openness in adolescence predicted spiritual seeking in late adulthood. The converse effect, adolescent religiousness to personality in late adulthood, was not significant in either model. Among women, adolescent Agreeableness predicted late-life religiousness and adolescent religiousness predicted late-life Agreeableness; both these effects were absent among men. Adolescent personality appears to shape late-life religiousness and spiritual seeking independent of early religious socialization. 相似文献
170.
Stereokinetic illusions have never been investigated in non-human primates, nor in other mammalian species. These illusions
consist in the perception of a 3D solid object when certain 2D stimuli are rotated slowly in the plane perpendicular to the
line of sight. The ability to perceive the stereokinetic illusion was investigated in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Four adult marmosets were trained to discriminate between a solid cylinder and a solid cone for food reward. Once learning
criterion was reached, the marmosets were tested in sets of eight probe trials in which the two solid objects used at training
were replaced by two rotating 2D stimuli. Only one of these stimuli produced, at least to the human observer, the stereokinetic
illusion corresponding to the solid object previously reinforced. At test, the general behaviour and the total time spent
by the marmosets observing each stimulus were recorded. The subjects stayed longer near the stimulus producing the stereokinetic
illusion corresponding to the solid object reinforced at training than they did near the illusion corresponding to the previously
non-rewarded stimulus. Hence, the common marmosets behaved as if they could perceive stereokinetic illusions. 相似文献