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251.
252.
Matthew J. Hornsey Samuel Pearson Jemima Kang Kai Sassenberg Jolanda Jetten Paul A. M. Van Lange Lucia G. Medina Catherine E. Amiot Liisi Ausmees Peter Baguma Oumar Barry Maja Becker Michal Bilewicz Thomas Castelain Giulio Costantini Girts Dimdins Agustín Espinosa Gillian Finchilescu Malte Friese Roberto González Nobuhiko Goto Ángel Gómez Peter Halama Ruby Ilustrisimo Gabriela M. Jiga-Boy Johannes Karl Peter Kuppens Steve Loughnan Marijana Markovikj Khairul A. Mastor Neil McLatchie Lindsay M. Novak Blessing N. Onyekachi Müjde Peker Muhammad Rizwan Mark Schaller Eunkook M. Suh Sanaz Talaifar Eddie M. W. Tong Ana Torres Rhiannon N. Turner Christin-Melanie Vauclair Alexander Vinogradov Zhechen Wang Victoria Wai Lan Yeung Brock Bastian 《European journal of social psychology》2023,53(1):78-89
While a great deal is known about the individual difference factors associated with conspiracy beliefs, much less is known about the country-level factors that shape people's willingness to believe conspiracy theories. In the current article we discuss the possibility that willingness to believe conspiracy theories might be shaped by the perception (and reality) of poor economic performance at the national level. To test this notion, we surveyed 6723 participants from 36 countries. In line with predictions, propensity to believe conspiracy theories was negatively associated with perceptions of current and future national economic vitality. Furthermore, countries with higher GDP per capita tended to have lower belief in conspiracy theories. The data suggest that conspiracy beliefs are not just caused by intrapsychic factors but are also shaped by difficult economic circumstances for which distrust might have a rational basis. 相似文献
253.
Charles F Bond Karen Nelson Kahler Lucia M Paolicelli 《Journal of experimental social psychology》1985,21(4):331-345
Undergraduates were videotaped as they told lies and truths about their last job. Later, these undergraduates viewed the videotape and tried to guess which of their fellow subject were lying. Monetary incentives had been offered for successful lying and lie detection. Our subjects showed a “demeanor bias”—some looked honest even when they were lying; others looked dishonest even when they were telling the truth. These differences in apparent honesty were the primary determinant of deception judgments; perceivers' detection skills played a lesser role. Honest-looking subjects were predisposed to perceive others as dishonest. In general, our liars used hand gestures, maintained eye contact, and refrained from smiling. Perceivers misconstrued these behaviors as signs of honesty and could not often detect deceit—unless the lie was being told by a subject who had earlier told the truth. We draw on sociobiological concepts and offer an adaptive perspective on human deceit. 相似文献
254.
M R D'Amato D P Salmon M Colombo 《Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes》1985,11(1):35-51
In Experiment 1, 8 monkeys, experimentally naive with regard to visual stimuli, were trained on identity matching with a two-sample set based on two-dimensional stimuli. On a subsequent test employing two new samples, 4 of the 8 applied the matching rule to the new sample stimuli (as defined by our transfer criterion), and 3 showed substantial savings in learning to match the new samples. Two of these 3 transferred the matching rule when given a second test with two new samples, and the third showed immediate and complete transfer when tested with a third pair of new stimuli. These results indicate a much stronger representation of the matching concept in monkeys than in pigeons, even when the conditions of assessment are reasonably comparable. In Experiment 2, however, 4 monkeys from Experiment 1 failed to transfer the matching rule to steady versus flashing green samples, indicating that the matching concept did not immediately extend beyond the general class of visual stimuli with which it was developed. These and related results in the literature suggest that representation of the matching concept in animals varies along a specificity-abstractness dimension, reflecting the degree to which the concept is tied to the conditions and context of its development. 相似文献
255.
Lucia A. Gilbert 《Sex roles》1985,12(1-2):111-123
This study investigated factors important in the establishment of same-gender student-faculty role-model relationships. Subjects were 33 females and 24 male graduate students enrolled in the same academic department who responded anonymously to scales assessing four characteristics of the role model (personal attributes, life-style and values, power and influence, and professional achievement), three parallel areas of perceived similarity between student and role model (personality, attitudes and values, and professional goals), and students' self-esteem and achievement orientation. As predicted, female students rated the role-model relationship as more important to their professional development than did male students and rated the model's personal attributes and the model's life-style and values as more important in selecting a role model. Consistent with recent theoretical views, female and male students rated both the professional skills and the personal characteristics of the faculty role model as important in establishing the role-model relationship. These findings are interpreted within a framework that considers the continuing effect of belief systems about women's and men's roles on the professional development of women. 相似文献
256.
The semantic priming technique was used to explore the semantic information activated by the contextually irrelevant meanings of ambiguous words in sentence contexts. The nature of the relationship between prime and target was systematically manipulated. Evidence of priming was obtained when the target was an approximate synonym of the prime (e.g., coach-bus), and when the target was a category coordinate of low similarity, but high category typicality (e.g., raincoat jumper, in Italian). No priming was obtained when the target was event related to the prime (coach-driver), nor when it was a highly similar category co-ordinate (raincoat overcoat, in Italian). However, in these latter cases, robust priming effects were obtained when the prime was presented out of context. The results are discussed in terms of the different kinds of semantic-retrieval operations that may be performed, depending upon whether or not the subjects attend to the meaning of the prime. 相似文献
257.
Gilbert Lucia Abino Walker Sarah J. McKinney Sherry Snell Jessica L. 《Sex roles》1999,41(9-10):753-774
Societal discourses tied to gender play apowerful role in shaping ideas and views about normalsexual experience. This study investigated whether“male sexual drive” discourse themes inheterosexual dating could be reproduced in a laboratorysetting, and whether these themes could be disrupted bymeans of a laboratory intervention. Young, single,heterosexual adults, most of whom were Caucasian and middle class, role played a series of datingscenarios. In half of the 37 dyads, male participantswere instructed to initiate a first date and then latergreater sexual intimacy, to which their female partners were instructed to say they were notready (the condition designed to reproduce dominantdiscourse themes). In the other half, the instructionsfor the male and female partners were reversed (the condition designed to change or disruptdominant discourse themes). Analysis of the role-playeddialogues indicated that dominant discourse themesassociated with the male sexual drive discourse wereprevalent in both experimental conditions. Ways ofbroadening our understanding of how gender processes arereproduced and disrupted are discussed in the context ofheterosexual dating relationships. 相似文献
258.
Four experiments were conducted to compare valid and invalid cue conditions for peripheral and central cues. Experiments 1, 3, and 4 used reaction time (RT) as the dependent variable. Experiment 2 used a threshold measure. Peripheral and central cues were presented on each trial. The peripheral cue was uninformative in all experiments. The central cue was informative in Experiments 1 and 2, where it predicted stimulus side on 70% of the trials. Experiment 3 included 50% and 100% central-cue prediction conditions as well as the 70% treatment. Experiment 4 included 60%, 75%, and 90% central-cue prediction conditions. The effects of the central and peripheral cues were independent and additive in all four experiments, indicating that: (1) both cue types can act simultaneously, and that the relationship between them is additive under the conditions used in these experiments, (2) informativeness is not a necessary condition for attentional effects with peripheral cues, and (3) covert visual orientation influences sensory thresholds and RT in similar ways. The results of Experiments 3 and 4 demonstrated that the facilitation associated with peripheral cues was insensitive to manipulations which demonstrate that subjects use the informational value of the central cue to direct voluntary attention. The results are discussed with reference to two issues; first, the proposition that central and peripheral cues exert their influence on performance in independent information-processing stages, following the additive factor method, and, second, the problems raised for additive factors method when cues elicit both an “explicit” response—regarding the presence or absence of a specified letter—and an “implicit response”—involving the planning and possible execution of eye and hand movements. 相似文献
259.
Past statistical and conceptual limitations may mistakenly overstate women's and men's unequal participation in family work. The present study used log-linear models to examine spouses' participation in household work and parenting and their perceptions of equity regarding this participation. Wives' occupational level, an important but often overlooked source of variation, was used to classify couples according to three family types—single-wage traditional (TR)—and two types of dual-wage families—dual-earner (DE) in which wives held jobs while husbands held jobs or careers, and dual-career (DC). Data were taken from a study of 81 couples of comparable socioeconomic status and age who had an adolescent child living at home. As hypothesized, results indicated more sharing of household work in dual-wage families than typically reported, particularly for DC families. Husbands and wives in all family types were largely in agreement regarding the distribution of responsibility for household and parenting tasks, but perceptions of equity varied by family type. Spouses with comparable perceptions of fairness reported higher marital satisfaction.Appreciation is expressed to Sue Lucas and Darl Lewis for their assistance with this study. Portions of this paper were presented at the Third Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Society, Washington, DC June, 1991. 相似文献
260.
Consideration of how to integrate occupational and family roles is crucial to the psychological development of adolescents and young adults today. This paper reports on a self-report instrument designed to assess perceptions of involvement in occupational and family roles in young women and men. The Orientations to Occupational-Family Integration consists of three separate scales that reflect three types of orientation—(1) male traditional, (2) female traditional, and (3) male and female atraditional. Reliability and validity data are reported from two studies, one with 81 adolescent girls and one with 122 college women and men. Uses of the measure for research and educational purposes are described briefly.Appreciation is expressed to Sue Lucas and Darryl Lewis for their assistance in data collection for Study I, and to the University Research Institute at the University of Texas at Austin for grant awards for each of the two studies. The order of the third and fourth authors is alphabetical. L. Suzanne Dancer is now at the University of Wisconsin — Milwaukee. 相似文献