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101.
International Journal for Philosophy of Religion - 相似文献
102.
Todd Lucas 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2009,28(4):249-265
System justifying beliefs can have adaptive consequences for individuals that include enhanced coping and decreased emotional
distress. The present study examined whether individual differences in two kinds of system justifying beliefs uniquely predict
dispositional affect. Participants from across the United States were recruited via internet to complete dispositional measures
of procedural and distributive justice beliefs, and also brief measures of positive and negative affectivity. While belief
in fair outcomes (distributive just world beliefs) was generally associated with greater positive affectivity, belief in fair
processes (procedural just world beliefs) was modestly associated with decreased negative affectivity. In addition, positive
and negative affectivity were predicted by interactions between procedural and distributive just world beliefs, with each
accentuating the general emotional benefit provided by the other. Finally, an interactive effect of procedural just world
beliefs and social class was obtained for positive affectivity, with greater positive affectivity occurring for disadvantaged
(lower income) individuals who had strong procedural just world beliefs. In general, these results suggest the potential for
unique and interactive relationships between particular system justifying beliefs and measures of emotion, especially among
members of advantaged versus disadvantaged groups. 相似文献
103.
David C. Schwebel Elizabeth K. Lucas Alana Pearson 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2009,16(3):223-232
Children tend to overestimate their physical abilities, and that tendency is related to risk for unintentional injury. This
study tested whether or not children estimate their physical ability differently when exposed to stimuli that were highly
visually salient due to fluorescent coloring. Sixty-nine 6-year-olds judged physical ability to complete laboratory-based
physical tasks. Half judged ability using tasks that were painted black; the other half judged the same tasks, but the stimuli
were striped black and fluorescent lime-green. Results suggest the two groups judged similarly, but children took longer to
judge perceptually ambiguous tasks when those tasks were visually salient. In other words, visual salience increased decision-making
time but not accuracy of judgment. These findings held true after controlling for demographic and temperament characteristics. 相似文献
104.
Bishara AJ Pleskac TJ Fridberg DJ Yechiam E Lucas J Busemeyer JR Finn PR Stout JC 《决策行为杂志》2009,22(4):435-454
Performance on complex decision-making tasks may depend on a multitude of processes. Two such tasks, the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) and Balloon Analog Risk Task (BART), are of particular interest because they are associated with real world risky behavior, including illegal drug use. We used cognitive models to disentangle underlying processes in both tasks. Whereas behavioral measures from the IGT and BART were uncorrelated, cognitive models revealed two reliable cross-task associations. Results suggest that the tasks similarly measure loss aversion and decision-consistency processes, but not necessarily the same learning process. Additionally, substance-using individuals (and especially stimulant users) performed worse on the IGT than healthy controls did, and this pattern could be explained by reduced decision consistency. 相似文献
105.
Todd Lucas Cort Rudolph Ludmila Zhdanova Evone Barkho Nathan Weidner 《Political psychology》2014,35(6):775-793
Harsh treatment of others can reflect an underlying motivation to view the world as fair and just and also a dispositional tendency to believe in justice. However, there is a critical need to refine and expand existing knowledge, not only to identify underlying psychological processes but also to better understand how justice may be implicated in support for exclusionary policies. Across two studies, we show that support for policies that restrict immigrants is exclusively associated with thoughts about fair outcomes for other people (distributive justice for others). In Study 1, Americans' dispositional tendency to believe in distributive justice for others was associated with greater support for a policy proposing to further restrict immigrant job seekers' capacity to gain employment in the United States. In Study 2, we experimentally primed thoughts about justice in a sample of U.S. police officers. Support for a policy that mandated stricter policing of illegal immigration was strongest among officers who first thought about fair outcomes for other people, relative to other unique justice primes. Across both studies, distributive justice for others was associated with greater collective angst—perceived threat towards the future existence of Americans. Moreover, collective angst mediated the link between distributive justice for others and support for restrictive policies. Overall, this research suggests that thoughts about distributive justice for others can especially diminish compassion towards immigrants and other underprivileged groups via support for exclusionary policies. In addition, merely thinking about distributive justice for others may be sufficient to amplify social callousness. 相似文献
106.
Value as a Moderator in Subjective Well-Being 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
We investigated individual differences in the processes of subjective well-being (SWB). There were considerable individual differences in the domain that was most strongly associated with global life satisfaction. Individuals also differed significantly in the types of activities that they found satisfying. Moreover, these individual differences in the patterns of SWB were systematically related to value orientations. A 23-day daily diary study revealed that intraindividual changes in satisfaction were strongly influenced by the degree of success in the domains that individuals value. The present findings highlight the meaningful individual differences in the qualitative aspects of subjective well-being. 相似文献
107.
In Experiment I sixth-grade children learned two concept identification (CI) problems, a simple and a successive-reversal problem, either sequentially (Se) or concurrently (Con). Retention tests given during the CI problems indicated no significant differences in stimulus or response retention for any of the conditions. CI performance was poorer in the Con condition than in the Se condition. Contrary to adult data and predictions derived from the Bower and Trabasso (1964) model, there were fewer informed errors in the successive-reversal problem than the simple problem. 相似文献
108.
Time horizons in rats: the effect of operant control of access to future food. 总被引:4,自引:4,他引:0
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W Timberlake D J Gawley G A Lucas 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1988,50(3):405-417
The primary goal of this experiment was to determine whether the addition of an operant requirement for access to a less costly (continuous reinforcement) patch of future food increased the time horizon over which that future patch decreased intake in a currently available depleting (progressive-ratio) patch. Three groups of 4 rats were tested. Each member of the earned-time group was required to cumulate a fixed-time outside the progressive-ratio patch to obtain access to food in the less costly patch; the fixed-time requirement ranged from 2 to 64 min. Rats in the matched-time group received response-independent access to less costly food at the average delay shown by the earned-time group. Rats in the matched-time no-food group were removed from the chamber at the same average delay without receiving access to less costly food. Two of the earned-time rats showed an increased time horizon relative to that shown by the matched-time rats (approaching 40 min for 1 rat). The other 2 earned-time rats markedly increased instrumental responding but showed suppression of intake only when food was less than 20 min away. The matched-time group showed less suppression of intake over a similar range of delay intervals. Surprisingly, the matched-time no-food animals also showed suppression of intake concentrated at the end of the session, possibly reflecting the receipt of their entire daily ration 30 min after the session. The potential importance of time horizons to the foraging process is clear, but experimenters are still working out paradigms for investigation of these horizons. 相似文献
109.
D J Gawley W Timberlake G A Lucas 《Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes》1986,12(1):78-94
Two experiments compared predictions of a molar-pattern model and a general molar behavior regulation model by requiring rats to wheel run for access to water. In both experiments schedule parameters constrained the baseline average burst length of drinking without constraining total drinking. Five levels of schedule constraint were imposed on time spent per drinking burst (Experiment 1) or the number of drinks per burst (Experiment 2). The results of both experiments supported the general molar behavior regulation view but not the molar-pattern model by showing no increase in total wheel running and no decrease in total drinking under schedule constraint. However, both experiments also showed local effects of drink burst constraint, including a direct relation between the degree of constraint and the local rate of drinking, and an approximation of the temporal distribution of baseline drinking under all degrees of schedule constraint. Most local changes support the view that rats defend the baseline temporal distribution of responding under schedule constraint, though some changes appear related to disruption of local response pattern characteristics. 相似文献
110.
de Oliveira Alvares L de Oliveira LF Camboim C Diehl F Genro BP Lanziotti VB Quillfeldt JA 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》2005,83(2):119-124
CB1 is the most abundant metabotropic receptor of the brain, being found in areas classically involved in learning and memory and present at higher density at presynaptic terminals. Different sets of evidence support the idea that endogenous ligands (endocannabinoids) to the CB1 receptors act as modulators of neurotransmission. In hippocampus, endocannabinoids seem to act as retrograde messengers mediating down-regulation of GABA release. Previous reports have described a cognitive impairment effect of cannabinoid agonists, or facilitation by antagonists. The scope of the present study is to investigate the effect of intrahippocampal administration of the CB1-selective antagonist, AM251, in two behavioral tasks. One hundred and twelve male Wistar rats with bilateral cannulae implanted in the CA1 region of the dorsal hippocampus were trained in a step-down inhibitory avoidance task (IA, footshock, 0.5 mA) or an open field habituation task (OF). Immediately, after training, animals received an infusion of 0.55, 5.5, and 55.5 ng/side of AM251 (Tocris), or its vehicle (DMSO/saline), via these cannulae. Our results show that AM251 disrupted memory consolidation of the IA task, but not the OF task, an effect that seems to be purely mnemonic since the drug showed no motor performance effects. Only the intermediate dose (5.5 ng/side) of AM251 was effective in IA and the absence of effect with the larger dose may be the consequence of non-specific binding. The fact that OF was not affected raises the possibility that this endogenous system requires some degree of aversiveness to be recruited. We propose that increased levels of endogenous cannabinoids in the hippocampus, following a training session, contribute to facilitate memory consolidation, a process that may have been disrupted with AM251. 相似文献