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271.
Parfitt GM Campos RC Barbosa AK Koth AP Barros DM 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》2012,97(2):183-188
Memory persistence needs a new event of consolidation 12h after the acquisition. We investigated the role of the cholinergic activity on the persistence of memory. For this purpose, we performed the treatments 9 or 12h after acquisition and the memory tested 2 or 7 days after inhibitory avoidance (IA) training. Here we report that activity of medial septum, by transitorily inactivating this structure with lidocaine 12h after IA training, is essential for memory persistence at the 7th day, but not for the formation at the 2nd day. We also report that muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptors of CA1 area are engaged on memory persistence. Since scopolamine (mAChRs antagonist) and mecamylamine (nAChRs blocker) infusions, 12h post-training, demonstrated impairment on long term memory (LTM), persistence on the 7th day but no effect on LTM formation was found on the 2nd day in the IA test. The same effects were found with pirenzepine, an M1 antagonist. No effects on the formation and persistence of memory on the 2nd and 7th days were demonstrated after DHβE infusions (nAChRs subtype antagonist α4β2, α3β2). These findings suggest that mAChR and nAChR at the CA1 area, and also MS activation, are required for the persistence of memory. 相似文献
272.
Carvalho JC Cardoso Cde O Shneider-Bakos D Kristensen CH Fonseca RP 《The Spanish journal of psychology》2012,15(2):480-486
Aging has been associated with several brain changes that often affect the cognitive functioning of adults, but changes in executive functions, particularly in the field of decision making, have not been fully investigated. The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) is a widely used tool to evaluate decision making, but little is known about the effect of age on its results. This study used the IGT and compared healthy young (n = 40) and elderly (n = 40) adults to evaluate their decision making processes. There were significant differences in the learning curve of the two age groups, but no difference in overall IGT performance. The results for the first IGT block were different from those of the rest of the task, and the group of elderly adults had a better performance in this block. Elderly adults also showed a preference for deck A, the one that resulted in greater losses. Findings confirmed the results of other studies, which reported that the IGT block score is the variable with the greatest sensitivity to age in this instrument. 相似文献
273.
Christopher F. Sharpley Daniela A. Guidara Marc A. Rowley 《Counselling psychology quarterly》1994,7(1):69-82
The validity and reliability of a “standardized client” procedure for assessing the impact of counsellor-trainees' behaviour upon client-perceived rapport was investigated within 22 counselling interviews. A typical client was trained to present the same genuine concern consistently across all interuiews, and to make minute-by-minute in-session ratings of experienced rapport. Data were collected on internal consistency, test-retest reliability, face validity, content, construct and concurrent validity via usual procedures and blind evaluations from professionals in the field. All common psychometric requirements were satisfied. Limitations of this procedure are discussed, and implications for use of “standardized client” ratings to gather data on the rapport-enhancing effects of specific counsellor behaviours are also raised. 相似文献
274.
How does bilingualism improve executive control? A comparison of active and reactive inhibition mechanisms 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Colzato LS Bajo MT van den Wildenberg W Paolieri D Nieuwenhuis S La Heij W Hommel B 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2008,34(2):302-312
It has been claimed that bilingualism enhances inhibitory control, but the available evidence is equivocal. The authors evaluated several possible versions of the inhibition hypothesis by comparing monolinguals and bilinguals with regard to stop signal performance, inhibition of return, and the attentional blink. These three phenomena, it can be argued, tap into different aspects of inhibition. Monolinguals and bilinguals did not differ in stop signal reaction time and thus were comparable in terms of active-inhibitory efficiency. However, bilinguals showed no facilitation from spatial cues, showed a strong inhibition of return effect, and exhibited a more pronounced attentional blink. These results suggest that bilinguals do not differ from monolinguals in terms of active inhibition but have acquired a better ability to maintain action goals and to use them to bias goal-related information. Under some circumstances, this ability may indirectly lead to more pronounced reactive inhibition of irrelevant information. 相似文献
275.
The aim of the study was to assess the relationships between perceived parenting style, depressed mood, anxiety and self-esteem in adolescents with heart disease compared with healthy adolescents. Forty-five adolescents, aged 12-18 with congenital or acquired heart disease and 50 healthy age-matched adolescents answered perceived parental behaviour, self-esteem, depressed mood and anxiety questionnaires. The study group reported higher perceived acceptance and lower perceived parental control than healthy adolescents, but similar levels of depressed mood, anxiety and self-esteem. Fischer's r-to-z transformation and regression analyses showed different associations between perceived parenting style and depressed mood, anxiety and self esteem. In the study group, higher perceived parental acceptance was associated with lower depressed mood and higher self-esteem, whereas these associations were not significant in the control group. In the control, but not the study group, higher perceived parental control was associated with lower depressed mood and lower anxiety. Parenting style proved to exert a differential effect on adolescents with and without heart disease. For the former, perceived parental acceptance had a more substantial effect on psychological well-being than perceived parental control. Professionals caring for these adolescents should be aware of the special importance of parenting style on the well-being of adolescents with heart disease, and address this issue in the clinical setting with the patients and their parents. 相似文献
276.
De Leo D 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2009,43(1):78-83
This is commentary on Cornejo’s Intersubjectivity as co-phenomenology: from the holism to the being-in-the-world-with-others, co-phenomenology, in which meaning is defined as a construal of phenomenological experience, it is not an individual creation, but rather
an intersubjective one. In this paper the basic question is how language expresses the world and things and, consequently,
what vision of the world is expressed by language and what relationship it creates with the real. Language is a set of differences between signs and meanings. It lives for and by this constant aspiration to say the inexpressible, to capture the elusive. Language tries to express the driving inner movement
of the real through references and interlacing, by multiplying the relational threads of meanings. For example, the phonetic
gesture performs for the speaker and his listener a certain structuring of experience, a certain modulation of existence.
This is a communicative dimension in which meaning is always a process. It is the situation of co-feeling between subjects, in which understanding is achieved, as defined by Cornejo in his essay.
相似文献
Daniela De LeoEmail: |
277.
Activities, self-referent memory beliefs, and cognitive performance: evidence for direct and mediated relations 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In this study, the authors investigated the role of activities and self-referent memory beliefs for cognitive performance in a life-span sample. A factor analysis identified 8 activity factors, including Developmental Activities, Experiential Activities, Social Activities, Physical Activities, Technology Use, Watching Television, Games, and Crafts. A second-order general activity factor was significantly related to a general factor of cognitive function as defined by ability tests. Structural regression models suggested that prediction of cognition by activity level was partially mediated by memory beliefs, controlling for age, education, health, and depressive affect. Models adding paths from general and specific activities to aspects of crystallized intelligence suggested additional unique predictive effects for some activities. In alternative models, nonsignificant effects of beliefs on activities were detected when cognition predicted both variables, consistent with the hypothesis that beliefs derive from monitoring cognition and have no influence on activity patterns. 相似文献
278.
We argue that episodic remembering, understood as the ability to re-experience past events, requires a particular kind of
introspective ability and understanding. It requires the understanding that first person experiences can represent actual
events. In this respect it differs from the understanding required by the traditional false belief test for children, where
a third person attribution (to others or self) of a behavior governing representation is sufficient. The understanding of
first person experiences as representations is also required for problem solving with images. In support of this argument
we review developmental evidence that children’s episodic remembering is independent of and emerges after mastery of the false
belief task but emerges together with the use of imagery for solving visual rotation tasks. 相似文献
279.
We have previously reported that extinction of escape behavior in the water maze due to the removal of the platform coincided with the development of behavioral "despair" in aged and adult rats, as assessed by immobility. The present study examines further predictions derived from the hypothesis that the withholding of reinforcement induces behaviors akin to depression. We tested for correlations between extinction performance and immobility, as well as between immobility and measures of anxiety in aged and adult rats. Age comparisons were also performed on these variables. Forty aged and 29 adult male Wistar rats (24 and 3 months old, respectively) were examined in the open field, black/white box and elevated-plus maze followed by 6 days of training in the water maze hidden platform task and 8 days of extinction without the platform. Indices of immobility increased over trials of extinction, with the aged showing higher levels, earlier onsets and larger slope increases of immobility than the adults. A lower resistance-to-extinction was predictive of more "despair" in both age groups. Between-group differences in the open field, black/white box and elevated-plus maze indicated that the aged showed more anxiety-like behavior than the adults and/or explored these environments less. Within the aged group, indicators of fearfulness in the three tests were predictive of higher levels of "despair". The extinction-despair model is held to provide the promise of a conceptual and empirical model of human depression that is the consequence of withdrawal of reinforcement. 相似文献
280.
Associative recognition and recall depend on structures in the medial temporal lobes (MTLs). There is disagreement about whether associative memory is functionally heterogeneous, whether it is functionally distinct from intra-item associative memory and how the MTLs contribute to this kind of memory. Despite an increase in research on associative memory, work has lacked a theoretical framework to guide design and interpretation of studies. One view provides a useful framework by postulating that associative memories differ in the degree to which their informational components converge in MTL structures that create familiarity-supporting or recollection-supporting memory representations. Using this framework, we consider psychological, lesion and functional imaging evidence, highlighting how informational convergence in the brain underlies the associative nature of both memory and perception. 相似文献