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181.
182.
The problem of how to distribute available resources among members of a group is a central aspect of social life. Adults react negatively to inequitable distributions and several studies have reported negative reactions to inequity also in non-human primates and dogs. We report two experiments on infants' reactions to equal and unequal distributions. In two experiments, infants' looking times and manual choices provide, for the first time, converging evidence suggesting that infants aged 12 to 18 months (mean age 16 months) attend to the outcomes of distributive actions to evaluate agents' actions and to reason about agents' dispositions. The results provide support for recent theoretical proposals on the developmental roots of social evaluation skills and a sense of fairness. 相似文献
183.
In the present study, the use of knowledge space theory (KST), jointly with formal concept analysis (FCA), is proposed for
developing a formal representation of the relations between the items of a questionnaire and a set of psychodiagnostic criteria.
This formal representation can be used to develop an efficient adaptive tool for psychological assessment. Rusch and Wille
(1996) have shown some interesting connections between KST and FCA; these connections are applied in the construction of knowledge
structures, starting from a formal context representing the relations between items and criteria. The proposed general methodology
was applied, as an example, to the Maudsley Obsessional-Compulsive Questionnaire. We used a data set provided by a sample
of patients with a diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder to validate the obtained structures. The parameters of the basic
local independence model (BLIM) were estimated for the obtained knowledge structures. The fit of each model was tested by
parametric bootstrap because of the sparseness of the derived data matrix. The results are discussed in light of both psychological
and methodological relapses. In particular, we propose a reinterpretation of the BLIM parameters that seems suitable for testing
reliability and construct validity; furthermore, it is pointed out how the obtained structures could represent the starting
point for the development of a computerized assessment tool. 相似文献
184.
Luca Latini-Corazzini Marie Pascale Nesa Mathieu Ceccaldi Eric Guedj Catherine Thinus-Blanc Franco Cauda Federico Dagata Patrick Péruch 《Psychological research》2010,74(6):545-559
We investigated the characteristics of route and survey processing of a unique complex virtual environment both at the behavioral
and brain levels. Prior to fMRI scanning, participants were trained to follow a route and to learn the spatial relationships
between several places, acquiring both route and survey knowledge from a ground-level perspective. During scanning, snapshots
of the environment were presented, and participants were required to either indicate the direction to take to follow the route
(route task), or to locate unseen targets (survey task). Data suggest that route and survey processing are mainly supported
by a common occipito-fronto-parieto-temporal neural network. Our results are consistent with those gathered in studies concerning
the neural bases of route versus survey knowledge acquired either from different perspectives or in different environments.
However, rather than arguing for a clear distinction between route and survey processing, “mixed” strategies are likely to
be involved when both types of encoding take place in the same environment. 相似文献
185.
Luca Berta 《Human Studies》2010,33(4):425-444
My hypothesis is that the cognitive challenge posed by death might have had a co-evolutionary role in the development of linguistic
faculties. First, I claim that mirror neurons, which enable us to understand others’ actions and emotions, not only activate
when we directly observe someone, but can also be triggered by language: words make us feel bodily sensations. Second, I argue
that the death of another individual cannot be understood by virtue of the mirror neuron mechanism, since the dead provide
no neural pattern for mirroring: this cognitive task requires symbolic thought, which in turn involves emotions. Third, I
describe the symbolic leap of the human species as a cognitive detachment from the here and now, allowing displaced reference:
through symbols the human mind can refer to what is absent, possible, or even impossible (like the presence of a dead person).
Such a detachment has had a huge adaptive impact: adopting a coevolutionary standpoint can help explain why language is as
effective as environmental inputs in order to stimulate our bodily experience. In the end I suggest a further coevolutionary
“reversal”: if language is necessary to understand the death of the other, it might also be true that the peculiar cognitive
problem posed by the death of the other (the corpse is present, but the other is absent) has contributed to the crucial transition
from an indexical sign system to the symbolic level, i.e., the “cognitive detachment”. Death and language, as Heidegger claimed,
have an essential relation for humans, both from an evolutionary and a phenomenological perspective: they have shaped the
symbolic consciousness that make us conceive of them. 相似文献
186.
Luca Bensi Fiorella Giusberti Raffaella Nori Elisa Gambetti 《British journal of psychology (London, England : 1953)》2010,101(3):545-562
Personality can play a crucial role in how people reason and decide. Identifying individual differences related to how we actively gather information and use evidence could lead to a better comprehension and predictability of human reasoning. Recent findings have shown that some personality traits are related to similar decision‐making patterns showed by people with mental disorders. We performed research with the aim to investigate delusion‐proneness, obsessive‐like personality, anxiety (trait and state), and reasoning styles in individuals from the general population. We introduced personality trait and state anxiety scores in a regression model to explore specific associations with: (1) amount of data‐gathered prior to making a decision; and (2) the use of confirmatory and disconfirmatory evidence. Results showed that all our independent variables were positively or negatively associated with the amount of data collected in order to make simple probabilistic decisions. Anxiety and obsessiveness were the only predictors of the weight attributed to evidence in favour or against a hypothesis. Findings were discussed in relation to theoretical assumptions, predictions, and clinical implications. Personality traits can predict peculiar ways to reason and decide that, in turn, could be involved to some extent in the formation and/or maintenance of psychological disorders. 相似文献
187.
Luca Stefanutti 《Journal of mathematical psychology》2006,50(6):545-561
Models for quantitative (or numerical) testing like e.g. educational testing have a relatively long tradition in psychology, while the qualitative (or nonnumerical) approach to psychometrics is more recent. The approach presented in this paper can be regarded as an attempt to integrate, to some extent, the numerical and nonnumerical fields. In numerical testing a subject is characterized by some real-valued parameter representing her level or ability. In the nonnumerical approach the knowledge state of an individual is represented by the subset of problems that the individual is capable of solving. We propose a model in which the relationship between the ability levels and the knowledge states is worked out on a probabilistic basis. The central idea is that the ability parameters and the knowledge states are not independent. A logistic model is derived which specifies the probabilities of the knowledge states conditional on the ability levels. We show that the Rasch model arises as a special case of the proposed model. 相似文献
188.
Past research at the nexus of motor control and perception investigated the role of perspective taking in many behavioral and neuroimaging studies. Some investigators addressed the issue of one's own vs. others' action imagination, but the possible effects of a front or a back view in imagining others' actions have so far been neglected. We report two 'single trial' experiments in which a total of 640 participants were asked to imagine a person performing a manual action - either in a front or in a back view - and then to indicate the hand used by the imagined person during movement execution. In such a task, we assume the existence of two distinct biases: a perceptual-mnemonic bias due to subjects' visual experience of others' actions, encouraging them to imagine right-handed movements, and a motor bias due to subjects' experience of self-made actions, encouraging them to imagine movements performed with the same hand as their dominant hand. We hypothesized that a greater involvement of motor representations in the back view compared to the front view could result in an increased correspondence between one's own manual preference and the hand used by the imagined agent in the former condition. The results of both experiments were consistent with this hypothesis, suggesting that while imagining others' actions we employ motor simulations in different degrees according to the perspective adopted. 相似文献
189.
Debora de Chiusole Luca Stefanutti Pasquale Anselmi Egidio Robusto 《Psychometrika》2013,78(4):710-724
In knowledge space theory, the knowledge state of a student is the set of all problems he is capable of solving in a specific knowledge domain and a knowledge structure is the collection of knowledge states. The basic local independence model (BLIM) is a probabilistic model for knowledge structures. The BLIM assumes a probability distribution on the knowledge states and a lucky guess and a careless error probability for each problem. A key assumption of the BLIM is that the lucky guess and careless error probabilities do not depend on knowledge states (invariance assumption). This article proposes a method for testing the violations of this specific assumption. The proposed method was assessed in a simulation study and in an empirical application. The results show that (1) the invariance assumption might be violated by the empirical data even when the model’s fit is very good, and (2) the proposed method may prove to be a promising tool to detect invariance violations of the BLIM. 相似文献
190.
Luca Tateo 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2014,48(3):299-321
Argentine tango is a complex phenomenon, involving music, dancing and lifestyle, today practiced by hundreds of thousands of people worldwide. This is already a good reason for psychology to make it an object of study. Besides, studying tango could also help to develop a dialogical way of theorizing and a dialogical methodology, taking into account both the genetic historical and eso-systemic dimensions and the individual experiencing. As any other product of human psyche, tango creates an universal and abstract representation of life starting from very situated and individual acts. Such institutionalized representation, which is at the same time epistemological, ethical and aesthetical, becomes a tradition -that is the framework distanced from the individual immediate experience- within which the meaning of the experiences to be make sense in return. To illustrate this epistemological and methodological stance, a history of the development of tango as dialogical social object first is sketched. Then, an ethnographic study about the Self actuation in a community of Italian tango dancers is presented. Results show how participants construct and actuate their identities in a dialogue between their I-positions inside and outside tango community. 相似文献